INTRO TO ORACLE

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <script type="text/javascript"> //OwnerIQ var __oiq_pct = 50; if( __oiq_pct>=100 || Math.floor(Math.random()*100/(100-__oiq_pct)) > 0 ) { var _oiqq = _oiqq || []; _oiqq.push(['oiq_addPageBrand','Lycos']); _oiqq.push(['oiq_addPageCat','Internet > Websites']); _oiqq.push(['oiq_addPageLifecycle','Intend']); _oiqq.push(['oiq_doTag']); (function() { var oiq = document.createElement('script'); oiq.type = 'text/javascript'; oiq.async = true; oiq.src = document.location.protocol + '//px.owneriq.net/stas/s/lycosn.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(oiq, s); })(); } //Google Analytics var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount','UA-21402695-19']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName','tripod.com']); _gaq.push(['_setCustomVar',1,'member_name','tlr46',3]); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); //Lycos Init function getReferrer() { var all= this.document.cookie; if (all== '') return false; var cookie_name = 'REFERRER='; var start = all.lastIndexOf(cookie_name); if (start == -1) return false; start += cookie_name.length; var end = all.indexOf(';', start); if (end == -1) end = all.length; return all.substring(start, end); } function getQuery() { var rfr = getReferrer(); if (rfr == '') return false; var q = extractQuery(rfr, 'yahoo.com', 'p='); if (q) return q; q = extractQuery(rfr, '', 'q='); return q ? q : ""; } function extractQuery(full, site, q_param) { var start = full.lastIndexOf(site); if (start == -1) return false; start = full.lastIndexOf(q_param); if (start == -1) return false; start += q_param.length; var end = full.indexOf('&', start); if (end == -1) end = full.length; return unescape(full.substring(start, end)).split(" ").join("+"); } function generateHref(atag, template){ atag.href=template.replace('_MYURL_', window.location.href.replace('http://', '')).replace('_MYTITLE_','Check%20out%20this%20Tripod%20Member%20site!'); } var lycos_ad = Array(); var lycos_onload_timer; var cm_role = "live"; var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com"; var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded"; var tripod_member_name = "tlr46"; var tripod_member_page = "tlr46/microlynk/id21.htm"; var tripod_ratings_hash = "1745899937:23be75d7145614ddc97d305ef1cb9f9c"; var lycos_ad_category = {"dmoz":"science\/social_sciences","ontarget":"&CAT=news&L2CAT=science%20and%20technology","find_what":"paris"}; var lycos_ad_remote_addr = "209.202.244.9"; var lycos_ad_www_server = "www.tripod.lycos.com"; var lycos_ad_track_small = ""; var lycos_ad_track_served = ""; var lycos_search_query = getQuery(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://scripts.lycos.com/catman/init.js"></script> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/95963596/TRI_300X250_dfp', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1450204159126-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/95963596/TRI_above_728x90_dfp', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1450204159126-1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/95963596/TRI_below_728x90_dfp', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1450204159126-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(isV) { if( !isV ) { return; } var adMgr = new AdManager(); var lycos_prod_set = adMgr.chooseProductSet(); var slots = ["leaderboard", "leaderboard2", "toolbar_image", "toolbar_text", "smallbox", "top_promo", "footer2", "slider"]; var adCat = this.lycos_ad_category; adMgr.setForcedParam('page', (adCat && adCat.dmoz) ? adCat.dmoz : 'member'); if (this.lycos_search_query) { adMgr.setForcedParam("keyword", this.lycos_search_query); } else if(adCat && adCat.find_what) { adMgr.setForcedParam('keyword', adCat.find_what); } for (var s in slots) { var slot = slots[s]; if (adMgr.isSlotAvailable(slot)) { this.lycos_ad[slot] = adMgr.getSlot(slot); } } adMgr.renderHeader(); adMgr.renderFooter(); }((function() { var w = 0, h = 0, minimumThreshold = 300; if (top == self) { return true; } if (typeof(window.innerWidth) == 'number' ) { w = window.innerWidth; h = window.innerHeight; } else if (document.documentElement && (document.documentElement.clientWidth || document.documentElement.clientHeight)) { w = document.documentElement.clientWidth; h = document.documentElement.clientHeight; } else if (document.body && (document.body.clientWidth || document.body.clientHeight)) { w = document.body.clientWidth; h = document.body.clientHeight; } return ((w > minimumThreshold) && (h > minimumThreshold)); }()))); window.onload = function() { var f = document.getElementById("FooterAd"); var b = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0]; b.appendChild(f); f.style.display = "block"; document.getElementById('lycosFooterAdiFrame').src = '/adm/ad/footerAd.iframe.html'; // DOM Inj Ad (function(isTrellix) { var e = document.createElement('iframe'); e.style.border = '0'; e.style.margin = 0; e.style.display = 'block'; e.style.cssFloat = 'right'; e.style.height = '254px'; e.style.overflow = 'hidden'; e.style.padding = 0; e.style.width = '300px'; var isBlokedByDomain = function( href ) { var blockedDomains = [ "ananyaporn13000.tripod.com", "xxxpornxxx.tripod.com" ]; var flag = false; for( var i=0; i<blockedDomains.length; i++ ) { if( href.search( blockedDomains[ i ] ) >= 0 ) { flag = true; } } return flag; } var getMetaContent = function( metaName ) { var metas = document.getElementsByTagName('meta'); for (i=0; i<metas.length; i++) { if( metas[i].getAttribute("name") == metaName ) { return metas[i].getAttribute("content"); } } return false; } var getCommentNodes = function(regexPattern) { var nodes = {}; var nodesA = []; var preferredNodesList = ['a', 'c', 'b']; (function getNodesThatHaveComments(n, pattern) { if (n.hasChildNodes()) { if (n.tagName === 'IFRAME') { return false; } for (var i = 0; i < n.childNodes.length; i++) { if ((n.childNodes[i].nodeType === 8) && (pattern.test(n.childNodes[i].nodeValue))) { var areaName = pattern.exec(n.childNodes[i].nodeValue)[1]; nodes[areaName] = n; } else if (n.childNodes[i].nodeType === 1) { getNodesThatHaveComments(n.childNodes[i], pattern); } } } }(document.body, regexPattern)); for (var i in preferredNodesList) { if (nodes[preferredNodesList[i]]) { if( isTrellix && nodes[preferredNodesList[i]].parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode ) { nodesA.push(nodes[preferredNodesList[i]].parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode); } else { nodesA.push( nodes[preferredNodesList[i]] ); } } } return nodesA; } var properNode = null; var areaNodes = getCommentNodes( new RegExp( '^area Type="area_(\\w+)"' ) ); for (var i = 0; i < areaNodes.length; i++) { var a = parseInt(getComputedStyle(areaNodes[i]).width); if ((a >= 300) && (a <= 400)) { properNode = areaNodes[i]; break; } } var propertyName = getMetaContent("property") || false; if( isTrellix && (properNode) ) { e.src = '/adm/ad/injectAd.iframe.html'; properNode.insertBefore(e, properNode.firstChild); } else if( isTrellix && !( properNode ) ) // Slap the ad eventhought there is no alocated slot { e.src = '/adm/ad/injectAd.iframe.html'; e.style.cssFloat = 'none'; var cdiv = document.createElement('div'); cdiv.style = "width:300px;margin:10px auto;"; cdiv.appendChild( e ); b.insertBefore(cdiv, b.lastChild); } else if( !isBlokedByDomain( location.href ) ) { var injF = document.createElement('iframe'); injF.style.border = '0'; injF.style.margin = 0; injF.style.display = 'block'; injF.style.cssFloat = 'none'; injF.style.height = '254px'; injF.style.overflow = 'hidden'; injF.style.padding = 0; injF.style.width = '300px'; injF.src = '/adm/ad/injectAd.iframe.html'; if( b && ( !isTrellix || ( typeof isTrellix == "undefined" ) ) ) // All other tripod props { var cdiv = document.createElement('div'); cdiv.style = "width:300px;margin:10px auto;"; cdiv.appendChild( injF ); b.insertBefore(cdiv, b.lastChild); } } }( document.isTrellix )); } </script> <div id="tb_container" style="background:#DFDCCF; border-bottom:1px solid #393939; position:relative; z-index:999999999!important">  <style> .adCenterClass{margin:0 auto} </style> <div id="tb_ad" class="adCenterClass" style="display:block!important; overflow:hidden; width:916px;"> <div id="ad_container" style="display:block!important; float:left; width:728px "> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof lycos_ad !== "undefined" && "leaderboard" in lycos_ad) { document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard']); } </script> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof lycos_ad !== "undefined" && "slider" in lycos_ad) { document.write(lycos_ad['slider']); } </script>  <div id="FooterAd" style="background:#DFDCCF; border-top:1px solid #393939; clear:both; display:none; width:100%!important; position:relative; z-index:999999!important; height:90px!important"> <div class="adCenterClass" style="display:block!important; overflow:hidden; width:916px;"> <div id="footerAd_container" style="display:block!important; float:left; width:728px"> <iframe id="lycosFooterAdiFrame" style="border:0; display:block; float:left; height:96px; overflow:hidden; padding:0; width:750px"></iframe> </div> </div> </div> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=130 BGCOLOR="#111111" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <B>   MICROLYNK</b><B> </b><FONT SIZE="7" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </b></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>   |     </b></FONT><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE=" MICROLYNK"><U><B>home</b></U></A></FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="id2.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="COMPANY PORTFOLIO"><U>COMPANY PORTFOLIO</U></A>   |   <B>INTRO TO ORACLE</b>   |   <A HREF="id20.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ORACLE PL/SQL"><U>ORACLE PL/SQL</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id4.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ADVANCED ORACLE"><U>ADVANCED ORACLE</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id3.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DEVELOPER 2000/ORACLE FORMS/REPORTS"><U>DEVELOPER 2000/ORACLE FORMS/REPORTS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id16.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="SQL SERVER"><U>SQL SERVER</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id17.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DATABASE MODELING"><U>DATABASE MODELING</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id18.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DB2 PROGRAMS"><U>DB2 PROGRAMS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="IMS"><U>IMS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id15.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="UNIX SYSTEMS"><U>UNIX SYSTEMS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id6.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="FACULTY RESUMES"><U>FACULTY RESUMES</U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=190 BGCOLOR="#111111" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <A HREF="id21_m.htm#oracle" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>INTRO TO ORACLE9i</b></U></A></div> <div> <B>   </b><A HREF="id21_m.htm#contents" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>Table of Contents</b></U></A></div> <div>   <B>    </b><A HREF="id21_m.htm#chapter_1" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>Chapter 1</b></U></A></div> <div> <B>      </b><A HREF="id21_m.htm#chapter_2" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>Chapter 2</b></U></A></div> <div> <B>      </b><A HREF="id21_m.htm#chapter_3" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>Chapter 3</b></U></A></div> <div> <B>      </b><A HREF="id21_m.htm#chapter_4" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>Chapter 4</b></U></A></div> <div> <B>      </b><A HREF="id21_m.htm#chapter_5" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>Chapter 5</b></U></A></div> <div> <B>      </b><A HREF="id21_m.htm#chapter_6" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>Chapter 6</b></U></A></div> <div> <B>      </b><A HREF="id21_m.htm#chapter_7" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="INTRO TO ORACLE"><U><B>Chapter 7</b></U></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=350 BGCOLOR="#DDDDDD" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I><B>INTRO TO ORACLE</b></I><I><B> <A NAME="oracle"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></b></I></div> <div> <B>ORACLE9i Intro to SQL and PL/SQL</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>COURSE DESCRIPTION</b></div> <div>  This course offers students a lecture/lab intensive environment on Oracle's Data Server </div> <div>  Technology.  The class covers the concepts of both relational and object relational databases</div> <div>   and the use of SQL. The student will learn how to write simple to complex queries along with</div> <div>   being able to modify database objects through SQL. Advanced technique such as ROLLUP, </div> <div>  CUBE, set operators and  creation of user-defined datatypes discussed.</div> <bR> <div> <B>AUDIENCE:</b></div> <div> Application Developers</div> <div> Database Administrators</div> <div> Systems Analysts</div> <div> Technical Support Professionals</div> <bR> <div> <B>PREREQISITES:</b></div> <div> Working knowledge of computers</div> <bR> <div> <B>HARDWARE/SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Hardware</b></div> <div> Minimal processor speed of 266 mhz or higher</div> <div> Memory requirements - 128 mb</div> <div> Video:  16 color (800 x 600 resolution minimum)</div> <div> 50 mb of storage space per student</div> <div> <B>Software</b></div> <div> MS Windows 95/98/2000/NT 4.0/ME or UNIX/LINUX</div> <div> Oracle version 8.05 or higher installed.</div> <div> User id's for both the operating system and Oracle which have</div> <div> At minimum Connect and Resource privilege.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>COURSE OBJECTIVES</b></div> <div> The student upon completion of this course will be able to:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Create, Retrieve and Manipulate database objects</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Utilize PL/SQL to control transactions</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Understand relational versus object database concepts</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Identify when to use joins, subqueries or set operators</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Utilize BASIC SQL with SQL*PLUS</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Use SQL*PLUS formatting commands</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Use the new single-row DATETIME and NVL2 function of 9i</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Utilize SQL ANALYZE to evaluate SQL statements for efficiency</div> <div>    ======================================================</div> <div>  </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >                                    </FONT> <B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</b><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > <A NAME="contents"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></FONT></div> <div> <B>                                        </b></div> <div> <B>1.      INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE & SQL*PLUS</b></div> <div>          <B>  OBJECTIVES</b></div> <div>      A.   ORACLE signing on to SQL*PLUS.................................................2</div> <div>      B.   ORACLE SQL*PLUS commands.....................…........…….…...3-6</div> <div>      C.   ORACLE SQL*PLUS Editing Commands...............................…...7</div> <div>      D.   ORACLE scripts...........................................................................…..8</div> <div>      E.    Data Dictionary tables……………………………………………...9</div> <div>      F.     Future Directions………………………………………………….10</div> <div>      G.    Database Development…………………………………………..12</div> <div>      H.    SQL*PLUS Programming Commands………………………15-17</div> <div>      I.      SQL*PLUS Reporting Commands………………………………18</div> <div>      J.     Query Enhancement Commands…………………………..…19-20</div> <div>      K.    Other SQL*PLUS Commands…………………………….…..20-22</div> <bR> <div> <B>II      BASIC SQL LANGUAGE</b></div> <div> <B>         OBJECTIVES</b></div> <div>      A.  Understanding the SQL Format ....................................................3-5</div> <div>      B.  Querying Row and Columns ..........................................................6-7</div> <div>      C.  Using the Where clause ..............................................................8-18</div> <div>      D.  Accessing tables with compound statements .........................19-28</div> <div>      E.  Utilizing Built-In Functions ..........................................................29-32</div> <div>      F.   Using Group By, Rollup and CUBE…………………..…….…33-35</div> <div>      G..  Searching for Null values ...........................................................36-43</div> <bR> <div> <B>III.     ADVANCED SQL LANGUAGE</b></div> <div>   <B>         OBJECTIVES</b></div> <div>      A.  Accessing tables through Joins ...................................................2-7</div> <div>      B.  Understanding the use of Outer Joins ........................................…8</div> <div>      C.  Comprehending Subqueries ...................................................12-17</div> <div>      D.  Selecting rows using Union, Intersect and Minus ......………18-22</div> <div>      E.  Modifying data through Inserts,Updates and Deletes ...........23-31</div> <div> <B>          ============================================</b></div> <div>      </div> <div> <B>ORACLE9I Intro to SQL and PL/SQL</b></div> <div> <B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>IV.     SQLPLUS COMMANDS</b></div> <div>            <B>OBJECTIVES</b></div> <div>      A.  Setting Column Widths ...................................................................2</div> <div>      B.  Setting Numeric Edit patterns ........................................................3</div> <div>      C.  Understanding Character Functions…………………….....…….4</div> <div>      D.  Understanding Dates……………………………………...………5</div> <div>      E.  Using DateTime functions…………………………….…………...8</div> <div>      F.  SQL*PLUS extensions with built-in functions ...........................8-10</div> <bR> <div> <B>V.     DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE</b></div> <div>  <B>         OBJECTIVES</b></div> <div>      A.  Creating base tables ...................................................................2-5</div> <div>      B.  Using ORACLE datatypes ..........................................................6-7 </div> <div>      C.  Creating Oracle Objects……………………………...…………8-9 </div> <div>      D.  Table Constraints…………………………………....………...10-14</div> <div>      E.  Creating Sequences……………………………....…………..15-17</div> <div>  F.  Building Indexes for base tables ..............................................18-29</div> <div> G.  Creating Synonyms .........................................................................31</div> <div> H.  Creating Views for Users .....................................................….33-41</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>VI.    PL/SQL</b></div> <div> <B>          OBJECTIVES</b></div> <div>      A.  Introduction to PL/SQL ................................................................1-19</div> <div>      B.  Processing in the PL/SQL environment ..................................20-27</div> <div>      C. Control Flow Language..........................................................…28-29</div> <div>      D.  Iterative Processing (LOOPS)………………………….....….29-33</div> <div>      E.  Exception Processing………………………………………....34-42</div> <div>      F.  Cursor Processing… .................................................................43-55</div> <bR> <div> <B>VII.    SQL ANALYZE</b></div> <div>             <B>OBJECTIVES</b></div> <div>      A.  Understanding and Using Oracle Tuning Pack…………......….1-6</div> <div>      B.  Using SQL ANALYZE to identify SQL efficiency.......................7-10</div> <div>      C.  Comparing different queries on the same screen……...…....11-13</div> <div>      D.  Generating Index hints and recommendations…………...….14-18</div> <div>      </div> <bR> <div> <I><B>APPENDIX</b></I></div> <div> <B>VIII     DATABASE MODELING</b></div> <div>                         <B> OBJECTIVES</b> </div> <div>      A.  E/R Modeling techniques .........................................................</div> <div>      B.  Normalization ...........................................................................</div> <div>      C.  Referential Integrity Constraints ..............................................</div> <bR> <div> <B>   ===============================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <I><B>INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE</b></I><I><B> <A NAME="chapter_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></b></I><I><B>  -  Chapter 1</b></I></div> <div> <IMG SRC="0eed45c0.png" border=0 width="468" height="348" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>TOPIC OBJECTIVES</b></div> <bR> <div> This section introduces the architecture of Oracle and the reasons for using the ORACLE </div> <div> database.  When you finish this section, you will be able to:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Identify the basic architecture of the ORACLE database</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Comprehend the different user roles in the ORACLE database</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Understand the different directories used by the ORACLE database</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Recognize the different GUI interfaces and utilities available in ORACLE</div> <div> <B>  ===================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <I>LOGGING INTO SQL*PLUS</I></div> <div> <IMG SRC="0efd99f0.png" border=0 width="473" height="415" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> You can see the SGA by logging into ORACLE'S SQL*PLUS front-end. To log in, select START/PROGRAMS/ORACLE for WindowsNT/SQLPLUS8.0 or SQLPLUS3.3. A hostname</div> <div> is necessary when connecting to a non-local database.</div> <bR> <div> Sign in with the standard Database Administrator ID of SYSTEM and a password </div> <div> of MANAGER.</div> <div>    <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>=============================================================</b></FONT></div> <bR> <div> <I>A SIMPLE SELECT</I></div> <div> <IMG SRC="186d37b0.png" border=0 width="467" height="379" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A select retrieves data (rows) from a table. In SQL*PLUS it is </div> <div>       necessary to end each SQL statement with a semi-colon in </div> <div>       order to execute a SQL statement as shown above.     </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">When typing a SQL statement directly in SQL*PLUS, the </div> <div>      SQL statement is placed in a memory buffer called afiedt.buf.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">To edit a SQL statement you have typed into the buffer </div> <div>       (afiedt.buf) type EDIT at the prompt. In WIN95, WIN98, & NT  </div> <div>       the notepad editor will automatically show you what is in the </div> <div>       afiedt.buf file.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">To save any changes you have made, click on File & save or File </div> <div>       & SaveAs.   You may also use the dos command of ALT F and then S</div> <div>        to save your changes.  </div> <div>   <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>================================================</b></FONT></div> <bR> <div> <B>ORACLE FILE EXTENSIONS</b></div> <bR> <div> The files with the extension of <I><B>sql</b></I> are SQL command files.  They contain SQL commands. </div> <div> These sql statements are executable within SQLPlus.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="0f2e66d0.png" border=0 width="486" height="365" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Any SQL statement you type in SQL*PLUS may be saved to a file in your  current working </div> <div> directory. To identify your current directory where files will be saved:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Type in HOST to go to the PROMPT.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">To return to SQL*PLUS type in EXIT.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">To save the SQL Statement “<I><B>select * from v$sga</b></I>”, you would type in SAVE sga at the SQL </div> <div>        prompt in SQL*PLUS. This SQL statement reads rows from a table called V$SGA.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Type in HOST to go back to the Operating system PROMPT.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Type in DIR SG*.* (or ls sg* in UNIX) to see that the SGA file you just created has an</div> <div>        extension of .SQL</div> <div> <B>======================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B> SAVING A SQL STATEMENT TO A FILE</b></div> <bR> <div> Anything SQL statement you saved to a file in your your current working directory maybe</div> <div>  retrieved with a GET statement. </div> <div> <IMG SRC="0f4e66a0.png" border=0 width="486" height="362" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">From the SQL prompt type in get sga. Oracle automatically looks for any file called sga.sql.</div> <div>       If it can find the file it puts the information into the afiedt.buf file and displays the SQL</div> <div>       information from the file on the SQL*PLUS screen.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">To run a SQL statement in the current buffer (afiedt.buf) just type in a forward slash “/” as </div> <div>       shown above. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">You can run a script (file) in your current directory without doing a get, just type in @sga from </div> <div>       the SQL*PLUS prompt. This will find the file in your current directory and run it.</div> <div> <B>===========================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <I><B>CRT FILES AND SPOOL FILES</b></I></div> <div>                                                                           <IMG SRC="18742630.gif" border=0 width="66" height="99" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>                 </div> <div> The <I><B>crt</b></I> files are the various CRT drivers that you can use and the<I><B> lst</b></I> files are list files.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="0f7409e0.png" border=0 width="576" height="414" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Spool commands in SQL*PLUS always have the extension of *.LST. If you wanted to send the </div> <div> output to a connected printer you could use the SPOOL OUTcommand.</div> <div> <B>      =========================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <I><B>     USING ORACLE SQL*PLUS EDITING COMMANDS</b></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="0f9409e0.png" border=0 width="576" height="414" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> Oracle has it's own line editor. It can be useful when small changes or editions need to be</div> <div>  made to a SQL statement.</div> <div>  <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>=======================================================</b></FONT></div> <bR> <div> <I> </I><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#111111" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>SQL SCRIPTS</b></I></FONT></div> <div> <IMG SRC="1885d5e0.gif" border=0 width="93" height="94" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >               </FONT>To execute a script not in your current directory you can provide a </div> <div>                   fully qualified path as shown below.</div> <div>           </div> <div>           ORACLE>     @c:\orant\bin\demobld</div> <bR> <div>           (Notice that SQLPLUS looks for a file called demobld.sql. The sql extension is</div> <div> the default for files).</div> <div>    </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> This script builds test tables for you to practice queries on and loads the</div> <div>         tables with data.  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">  Oracle lets you see all the objects you own or can use by reading the TAB view</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">  To see all the tables and objects that the username SYSTEM has access to, type</div> <div>          in the following SQL statement:.</div> <bR> <div>        ORACLE>     SELECT * FROM  TAB; </div> <bR> <div>       You can also execute SQL*PLUS commands that provide you with a variety of </div> <div>  information such as your current username (who you logged in as) as seen below.</div> <div>      </div> <div> ORACLE> SHOW USER</div> <div> <B>===================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>DICTIONARY TABLES FOR USERS</b></div> <div> <IMG SRC="189564c0.gif" border=0 width="86" height="76" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>    </b></FONT><B> The Dictionary VIews </b><B> these views provide you with information on objects </b></div> <div> <B>created in the database</b><B>:</b><B>  </b></div> <div>  USER_TABLES</div> <div>                          USER_TABLESPACES</div> <div>                          USER_INDEXES</div> <div>         </div> <div>       <B>The dictionary views </b><B>below </b><B>show you information concerning users of this </b></div> <div> <B>database and other  objects which a user may have access to. </b></div> <div> <B> </b>ALL_USERS</div> <div>                          USER_CONSTRAINTS</div> <div>  DBA_PASSWORDS</div> <bR> <div> The following query show the information concerning ALL users in the current database.</div> <div> ORACLE>     select * from ALL_USERS;</div> <bR> <div>             Oracle allows you to specify the level of granularity on what objects you would like to see. </div> <div>             DBA, ALL, or USER</div> <bR> <div> If you are a DBA you can retrieve information from any table that starts with DBA. For example, if we wanted to retrieve information from an Oracle Data Dictionary table called DBA_TABLES, we could write a query as shown below.</div> <div> ORACLE> SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,</div> <div> TABLE_NAME,</div> <div> NUM_ROWS,</div> <div> BLOCKS </div> <div>                          FROM DBA_TABLES</div> <bR> <div> Now save this SQL statement as usrtab1.    ORACLE>  SAVE USRTAB1</div> <div> <B>=================================================================</b></div> <div>           </div> <div> <I>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</I></div> <div>     PLAN for future growth.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Understand how to design and develop the database applications.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Be able to estimate storage requirements for applications.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Tune the application during development</div> <bR> <div> <B>MANAGERS</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="0ffda910.png" border=0 width="218" height="145" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Managers must develop a team with the proper expertise.</b></div> <bR> <div> Knowledge needed by the analyst includes:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">This person should know about  E/R Modeling, Normalization, and the application.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Programmers/Analysts must be available to build the applications.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They must know how to use Oracle and its utilities.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Also, they should have a knowledge of either 'C', `C++',or 'Cobol'.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A Database Administrator must be someone who can implement the Oracle system, and be responsible for security, integrity and backup and recovery of the Oracle databases.</div> <div> <B>===========================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <I>PROGRAMMERS/ANALYSTS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="101949a0.png" border=0 width="148" height="154" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> A programmer/analyst must learn to design an Oracle database and</div> <div> assist in implementing the database using SQL for the logical, physical and application definition activities.</div> <bR> <div> The programmer/analyst must learn how to use Oracle's development tools :</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">SQL*PLUS/BROWSER</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ORACLE FORMS</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ORACLE Reports</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">PL/SQL-PRO*C products </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">SQL*LOADER</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Finally, the programmer must know how to do embedded programming either</div> <div> with Pro*C or Pro*Cobol or use CASE tools such as Powertool or </div> <div> Powerbuilder.</div> <div> <B>=======================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> BENEFITS OF DATABASE DEVELOPMENT</div> <bR> <div> <B>End-User Development</b></div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="102100f0.png" border=0 width="272" height="271" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> In today's database development, by virtue of having sophisticated relational database management systems, users will have easy interfaces into the data.</div> <bR> <div> For example, query ability is provided by Oracle using:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Structured Query Language (SQL) under SQL*PLUS, ORACLE Reports to allow end users to create comprehensive reports.  </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Browser which allows for the user friendly access to Oracle tables. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Front ends such as Visual Basic and Access can be used to query ORACLE as well.</div> <div> <B>============================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>LAB 1  -  Running Oracle and Building Demo Tables</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="103ab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> This exercise is designed to get you familiar with the ORACLE SQL*PLUS environment </div> <div> and reviewing ORACLE scripts.</div> <bR> <div>       1.   Log off from SQL*PLUS by typing in exit from the SQL*PLUS prompt. Log </div> <div>  back in as System username and a password of Manager. </div> <bR> <div>       2.    Find out what your current home directory is and write the path name below. </div> <div>  Check to  see if you have a file called demobld.sql. Open this script up with </div> <div>  an editor and review  the contents of the file. Does this file contain </div> <div>  more than one SQL statement.</div> <div>      </div> <div>      ____________________________________________________</div> <div>       </div> <div>  NOTE       You can edit a query by exiting to the host system. This is done by </div> <div> Typing in the command “HOST”.  This will display a UNIX or Windows </div> <div> prompt where you can then edit the file called demobld.sql to </div> <div> review the SQL statements in this script.</div> <bR> <div> 3.        Once finished reviewing the demobld.sql script you may return to </div> <div>      SQL*PLUS by typing exit at the prompt.</div> <bR> <div> 4.    When you return from reviewing the demobld.sql script you can execute</div> <div>       the script in SQL*PLUS  by typing <B>@demobld </b>or by start demobld.</div> <div>      Why can't you execute this script by doing a GET and then a /?</div> <bR> <bR> <div> When finished you have created many different tables, to see the new tables </div> <div> type in:      @usrtab1</div> <bR> <div> To see what columns are in each table, use the describe command:</div> <div>      desc staff</div> <div>      desc org</div> <div>      desc applicant  </div> <div> <B>====================================================</b></div> <div>  </div> <div> <B>SQL*PLUS COMMANDS</b></div> <bR> <div> SQL*PLUS commands are unique to Oracle.  There may be classified as:</div> <div> Editing, Programming, Reporting, Query Enhancement and Other types of commands.</div> <div> Let's use the USRTAB1 script we created earlier and edit this script in the buffer.</div> <div> <B>EDITING COMMANDS</b></div> <div> /*  From SQL*PLUS, type in “ get usrtab1 “. The following script will be displayed. */</div> <div>           ORACLE>     SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,</div> <div> TABLE_NAME,</div> <div> NUM_ROWS,</div> <div> BLOCKS </div> <div>                     FROM DBA_TABLES</div> <bR> <div> <B>INPUT</b>     adds new lines after the current line in the current buffer.</div> <div> /* To add a new line to the USRTAB1 script use the <B>INPUT</b> command.</div> <div> ORACLE> <B>I</b></div> <div>  6     WHERE TABLE_NAME = `STAFF'</div> <div> .   /* When a return is done after `STAFF' another new line appears. Type in</div> <div>             a period ( <B>.</b> )a return. */</div> <div>      ORACLE> <B>/</b>  /* a forward slash executes the new script  */</div> <div>      ORACLE><B>save usrtab1 replace</b>  /*  Replaces the a file which exists with the  </div> <div>                                                               statement in the buffer  */</div> <bR> <div> <B>DEL</b>          will delete the current line in the command buffer.</div> <div> /*  To del the line we just added:  */</div> <div>      ORACLE>  <B>DEL</b>      OR     <B>DEL 6</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>APPEND</b>     adds text to the end of the current line in the buffer.</div> <div> /* To append  “where table_name = `STAFF' to line 5, type in the following: */</div> <div> ORACLE>  <B>A</b>   WHERE TABLE_NAME = `STAFF'</div> <bR> <div> <B>LIST</b>          lists lines in the current buffer.</div> <div> /*  To change the focus of an ORACLE editor to another line other than the last</div> <div> line, type in the following command: /*</div> <div> <B>l4 </b></div> <div> BLOCKS</div> <bR> <div> <B>CHANGE     </b>     changes the contents of the current buffer.</div> <div> /* To use the change command on line 4 above, to change BLOCKS TO</div> <div>     INITIAL_EXTENT,  do the following:</div> <div> <B>c/BLOCKS/INITIAL_EXTENT/</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>EDIT</b>          invokes the host system text editor on the contents of the </div> <div> current buffer or file.</div> <bR> <div> ORACLE> <B>EDIT</b>  -- Show the current SQL command in the buffer in </div> <div>    NOTEPAD.</div> <div> <B>======================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>PROGRAMMING COMMANDS</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="105409e0.png" border=0 width="576" height="414" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> <B>ACCEPT</b>           Requests input through a blinking cursor and places </div> <div> response in a user variable. </div> <div> ORACLE> ACCEPT local_id</div> <bR> <div> 10  -- Key in the number 10 after pressing return above.</div> <bR> <div> Select * from staff where dept = &local_id;</div> <bR> <div> <B>DEFINE</b>          defines a user variable and assigns it a value.</div> <div> ORACLE>  DEFINE  -- SHOWS YOU ALL VARIABLES </div> <div>        YOU HAVE DEFINED</div> <bR> <div> <B>PROMPT</b>          issues a prompt on the screen.</div> <bR> <div> ORACLE> ACCEPT VAR1 PROMPT `ENTER A VALUE OF'</div> <bR> <div> ENTER A VALUE OF “URNAME”</div> <bR> <div>                /*  VAR1 NOW HAS A VALUE OF “URNAME”  */</div> <div> <B>========================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>PROGRAMMING COMMANDS CONTINUED</b></div> <div> <IMG SRC="107409e0.png" border=0 width="576" height="414" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>BREAK</b>          specified the events causing a break and the actions to be </div> <div>                          done. Used with select statements which have an order by clause.  </div> <bR> <div> ORACLE> BREAK ON DEPT</div> <bR> <div> ORACLE> SELECT * FROM STAFF ORDER BY DEPT;</div> <bR> <div> /* Notice that the department numbers only print out one</div> <div>  time.  */</div> <bR> <div> <B>PAUSE</b>          displays a message, then waits for the user to press [return].</div> <bR> <div> ORACLE> SET PAUSE ON</div> <bR> <div> <B>RUN</b>               displays and runs the command in the current buffer.</div> <bR> <div> ORACLE> RUN USRTAB1</div> <bR> <div> <B>=======================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>PROGRAMMING COMMANDS CONTINUED</b></div> <div> <IMG SRC="109409e0.png" border=0 width="576" height="414" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>SAVE     </b>     saves the contents of the current buffer in an operating </div> <div>                system file.</div> <div> ORACLE> SAVE NEWSCRIPT</div> <bR> <div> <B>START</b>          executes the contents of a command file.</div> <div> ORACLE> START USRTAB1</div> <bR> <div> <B>UNDEFINE</b>          deletes a user variable definition.</div> <div> ORACLE> UNDEFINE LOCAL_ID</div> <bR> <div> <B>SET</b>          sets an SQL*PLUS system variable to a specified value.</div> <bR> <div>                ORACLE> SET VERIFY OFF</div> <div>                ORACLE> SET HEADING OFF</div> <div> <B>========================================================</b></div> <div>                </div> <div> <B>REPORTING COMMANDS</b></div> <div> <IMG SRC="10b409e0.png" border=0 width="576" height="414" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>BTITLE</b>           displays a title at the bottom of each report page.</div> <bR> <div> <B>COLUMN</b>          specifies a column heading and format in a report.</div> <div> ORACLE>  COLUMN ID HEADING EMPNO - CHANGES ID heading to EMPNO</div> <bR> <div> ORACLE>  COLUMN SALARY FORMAT $99,999.99</div> <div>                  /* Any salary column in any table know has a $ sign, 7digits and 2 </div> <div> decimal positions.*/</div> <bR> <div> <B>TTITLE</b>          displays a title at the top of each report page.</div> <div>                 ORACLE> TTITLE `MY STAFF REPORT'</div> <bR> <div> /*  Every page of the report will have the Central heading of “MY </div> <div> STAFF REPORT” */</div> <bR> <div> <B>========================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>PROGRAMMING COMMANDS CONTINUED</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>QUERY ENHANCEMENT COMMANDS</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="10d406a0.png" border=0 width="576" height="362" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> <B>COMMIT</b>          makes all database changes permanent.</div> <div>                </div> <div>                UPDATE STAFF</div> <div>                SET SALARY = 90000</div> <div>                WHERE ID = 290;</div> <div>                COMMIT;</div> <div>                SELECT * FROM STAFF WHERE ID = 290;</div> <bR> <div> <B>ROLLBACK</b>          discards changes made to a database since the last </div> <div> ORACLE>  UPDATE STAFF</div> <div>                SET SALARY = 77000</div> <div>                WHERE DEPT = 10;</div> <div> ORACLE> SELECT * FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE DEPT = 10;</div> <bR> <div> /*  Notice that all salaries in department 10 are set to 77000. </div> <div> No one but the person updating these rows can see the</div> <div> changed data. It must be committed in order to see it.</div> <bR> <div> ORACLE>  ROLLBACK</div> <div> ORACLE> SELECT * FROM STAFF</div> <div> where dept = 10;  -- The data is back to its original state.</div> <div> <B>======================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>PROGRAMMING COMMANDS CONTINUED</b></div> <div> <IMG SRC="10f409e0.png" border=0 width="576" height="414" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>COMPUTE</b>     performs computations on groups of rows selected by a </div> <div>                query.</div> <div> ORACLE> compute sum of salary on dept </div> <bR> <div> /* Sub Totals on salary for each department are displayed.*/</div> <bR> <div> <B>DESCRIBE</b> table     displays a brief description of a table.</div> <div> <B>=====================================================</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>OTHER COMMANDS</I></div> <bR> <div> <B>@file</b>           similar to the START command.</div> <div> <B>Oracle> @usrtab1</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>/</b>               runs the command in the SQL buffer.  This is similar to the <B>RUN</b> command.</div> <bR> <div> <B>CLEAR</b>          clears break definitions, buffers, column definitions, etc.</div> <div> ORACLE>  CLEAR SCREEN </div> <div> ORACLE> CLEAR COLUMNS</div> <div> ORACLE> CLEAR BREAK</div> <bR> <div> <B>CONNECT</b>     disconnects the current user name and reconnects with the connect name.</div> <div> ORACLE> CONNECT SYSTEM/MANAGER</div> <div> ORACLE> CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER</div> <bR> <div> <B>COPY     </b>     copies data to, from or between Oracle databases.  SQLNET command.</div> <bR> <div> <B>DISCONNECT</b>     commits work, disconnects the current user name but remains </div> <div>                   in SQL*PLUS.</div> <bR> <div> <B>EXIT</b>          leaves SQL*PLUS, disconnects the user and commits work.</div> <bR> <div> <B>GET     </b>     loads a file into the current buffer.</div> <div> ORACLE> GET USRTAB1</div> <bR> <div> <B>HELP</b>          displays help information.</div> <div> /*  CLICK ON HELP MENU ON WINDOWS MENU</div> <div> <B>======================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>OTHER COMMANDS</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>HOST     </b>     executes a host operating system command without leaving </div> <div>                SQL*PLUS.</div> <bR> <div> <B>SHOW</b>          displays the setting of a SQL*PLUS system variable.</div> <div>                <B>Oracle> show all</b></div> <div> <B>SPOOL</b>          directs displayed output to a system file or printer.</div> <bR> <div> <B>TIMING</b>          records timing data  for an elapsed period of time.</div> <bR> <div> <B>====================================================</b></div> <div>  LAB 2  -  Utilizing ORACLE commands using SQL*PLUS</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="110ab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Simple Report Formatting - SQL*PLUS  Commands for Reporting</b></div> <bR> <div> 1.  Some SQL*PLUS Commands may be used to format the results of SQL queries.</div> <bR> <div> 2.  The COLUMN Command may be used to change column headings. The </div> <div>      following will cause a permanent report heading change  for the current </div> <div>      SQL*PLUS session.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE MGR</div> <div>       = 7698;</div> <div>  COLUMN DEPTNO HEADING  DEPARTMENT ;</div> <div>  RUN</div> <bR> <div> The COLUMN Command may also be used to change column output formats. </div> <div> The FORMAT keyword may also be used to change the display format width </div> <div>       of a column.</div> <bR> <div> COLUMN SAL  FORMAT  $9999.99  ;<R></div> <div> COLUMN COMM FORMAT $9999.99  ;<R>   RUN</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 4.  A report title may be added using the TTITLE Command. The HEADSEP </div> <div>      character “|” is used to start a new line.</div> <bR> <div> TTITLE 'WILLIAM BLAKE|LIST OF EMPLOYEE';</div> <div>    RUN</div> <div> <B>=======================================================</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>SQL*PLUS Commands</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Special SQL*PLUS  Commands</b></div> <bR> <div> Storing and printing results may be done using the SPOOL Command.  The SPOOL </div> <div> FILE command can be found under the FILE column in SQL*PLUS.  Click on SPOOL </div> <div> FILE and you will be prompted for the output SPOOL FILENAME.  When you have finished</div> <div> spooling your output to the file you turn of spooling by clicking on the SPOOL OFF </div> <div> command under the FILE column in SQL*PLUS.  As an alternative you may key in the </div> <div> SPOOL commands as shown below.</div> <bR> <div> - To begin spooling output to a  file, type the name of a file after the SPOOL Command.</div> <bR> <div> - To close and print a file, use  the SPOOL OUT.</div> <bR> <div> - SPOOL OFF will stop spooling and not print the file.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT DEPTNO, ENAME, SAL FROM</div> <div>    EMP</div> <div>                 WHERE DEPTNO = 10</div> <div>                 ORDER BY SAL DESC ;</div> <div> SPOOL TEMP ;</div> <div> RUN</div> <div> SPOOL OUT ; /* sends your output to the connected printer */</div> <div> SPOOL OFF;  /*  sends your output to the spooled file */</div> <bR> <div> 2.  Try the following examples of saving and retrieving commands.</div> <bR> <div> L                     /* List contents of buffer  */</div> <div> SAVE SALARY;               /* Saves contents of the buffer to SALARY */</div> <div> CLEAR BUFFER ;            /* Clears the buffers */</div> <div> GET SALARY ;          /* Puts contents of SALARY in buffer */</div> <div> L                     /* Verifies contents of buffer */</div> <div> R                     /* Runs commands in buffer */</div> <div> CLEAR BUFFER ;           /* Clear buffer again */</div> <div> START SALARY;           /* Gets and runs commands in SALARY */</div> <div> L3                     /* Lists third line */</div> <div> C/10/&1/                /*  Changes DEPTNO value to a parameter */</div> <div> L                     /* Verify change */</div> <div> SAVE SALARY REPLACE ;</div> <div> START SALARY 20      /* Runs commands for DEPTNO = 20 */</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE</I><I> <A NAME="chapter_2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I>  -   Chapter 2</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="112e2b40.png" border=0 width="226" height="180" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>TOPIC OBJECTIVES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> This section introduces the ANSI standard SQL statements as used in ORACLE.</div> <div> When you finish this section, you will be able to:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Understand the standard ANSI SQL available in ORACLE</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Comprehend the SQL*PLUS environment for executing SQL statements</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Identify the basic format and structure of the SQL statements</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Write SQL Select statements to retrieve multiple rows and/or columns</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Be able to write SQL commands utilizing the where clause, group by, having and order by verbs.</div> <div> SQL Components</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1148f4d0.png" border=0 width="399" height="333" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> TABLE ACCESS METHODS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="116f2910.png" border=0 width="498" height="401" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >SQL Data Manipulation Language  (DML)</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="578" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="166"><div> RETRIEVAL</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5><NOBR><div> BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="179"><div> ARITHMETIC OPERATORS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 110 WIDTH="166"><div> SELECT</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="213"><div> MIN</div> <div> MAX</div> <div> SUM</div> <div> AVERAGE</div> <div> COUNT</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="179"><div> +</div> <div> -</div> <div> /</div> <div> *</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="166"><div> GROUPING</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5><NOBR><div> OTHER OPERATORS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="179"><div> COMPARISON OPERATORS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 223 WIDTH="166"><div> GROUP BY</div> <div> HAVING</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="213"><div> LIKE</div> <div> DISTINCT</div> <div> ANY</div> <div> ALL</div> <div> IN</div> <div> BETWEEN</div> <div> UNION</div> <div> AND</div> <div> OR</div> <div> NOT</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="179"><div> =</div> <div> <></div> <div> <</div> <div> ></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="166"><div> MODIFICATIONS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="213"><div> SEQUENCING</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="179"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="179" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 64 WIDTH="166"><div> INSERT</div> <div> DELETE</div> <div> UPDATE</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="213"><div> ORDER BY</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="179"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="64" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="179" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="166"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="166" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="213"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="213" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="179"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="179" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Sample Tables</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> ORG</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="610" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> DEPTNUMB</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="133"><div> DEPTNAME</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5><NOBR><div> MANAGER</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="99"><div> DIVISION</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="129"><div> LOCATION</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="116"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> HEAD OFFICE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="103"><div> 160</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> CORPORATE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="129"><div> NEW YORK</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="116"><div> 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> NEW ENGLAND</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="103"><div> 050</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="99"><div> EASTERN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="129"><div> BOSTON</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="116"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> MID ATLANTIC</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="103"><div> 010</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="99"><div> EASTERN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> WASHINGTON</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="116"><div> 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> SOUTH ATLANTIC</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="103"><div> 030</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="99"><div> EASTERN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="129"><div> ATLANTA</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="116"><div> 42</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> GREAT LAKES</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="103"><div> 100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="99"><div> MIDWEST</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="129"><div> CHICAGO</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="116"><div> 51</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="133"><div> PLAINS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="103"><div> 140</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="99"><div> MIDWEST</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="129"><div> DALLAS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="116"><div> 66</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="133"><div> PACIFIC</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="103"><div> 270</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> WESTERN</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="129"><div> SAN FRANCISCO</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="116"><div> 84</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="133"><div> MOUNTAIN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="103"><div> 290</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> WESTERN</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="129"><div> DENVER</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> APPLICANT</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="621" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="77"><div> TEMPID</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="101"><div> NAME</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="150"><div> ADDRESS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5><NOBR><div> EDLEVEL</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="174"><div> COMMENTS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="77"><div> 40</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> FROMMHERZ</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="150"><div> SAN JOSE, CA</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="174"><div> NO SALES EXP.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="77"><div> 410</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> JACOBS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="150"><div> POUGHKEEPSIE, NY</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 16</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> GOOD CAND./DC</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="77"><div> 420</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> MONTEZ</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="150"><div> DALLAS, TX</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 13</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> OFFER SALES POS..</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="77"><div> 430</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> RICHOWSKI</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="150"><div> TUCSON,AZ</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="174"><div> CAN''T START WORK UNTIL 12/93</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="77"><div> 440</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> REID</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="150"><div> ENDICOTT, NY</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> 1 YEAR SALES EXP.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="77"><div> 450</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> JEFFYREYS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> PHILADELPHIA, PA</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="174"><div> GOOD CLERICAL BACKGROUND</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="77"><div> 460</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> STANLEY</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="150"><div> CHICAGO, IL.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 11</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> WANTS PARTTIME JOB</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="77"><div> 470</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> CASALS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> PALO ALTO. CA</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> EXPERIENCED SALES</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="77"><div> 480</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> LEEDS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> EAST FISHKILL, NY</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="174"><div> NEEDS INTERVIEW WITH BROWN</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="77"><div> 490</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> GASPARD</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="150"><div> PARIS, TX</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div> 16</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> WORKED HERE 1-80</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <I>STAFF</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="59"><div> ID</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="118"><div> NAME</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="64"><div> DEPT</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="82"><div> JOB</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="78"><div> YEARS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="92"><div> SALARY</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#E5E5E5 WIDTH="83"><div> COMM</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> SANDERS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 18357.50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> PERNAL</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 18171.25</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 612.45</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> MARENGHI</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 17506.75</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 40</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> O'BRIEN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 18006.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 846.55</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> HANES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 20659.80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 60</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> QUIGLEY</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> --</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 16808.30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 650.25</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 70</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> ROTHMAN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 16502.83</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 1152.00</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> JAMES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> --</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> --</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 13504.60</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 128.20</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 90</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> KOONITZ</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 42</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 18001.75</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 1386.70</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> PLOTZ</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 42</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 18352.80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 110</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> NGAN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 12508.20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 206.60</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 120</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> NAUGHTON</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> --</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 12954.75</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 180.00</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 130</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> YAMAGUCHI</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 42</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 10505.90</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 75.60</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 140</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> FRAYE</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 51</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 21150.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 150</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> WILLIAMS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 51</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 19456.50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 637.65</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 160</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> MOLINARE</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 22959.20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 170</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> KERMISCH</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 12258.50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 110.10</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 180</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> ABRAHAMS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 12009.75</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 236.50</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 190</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> SNEIDER</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 14242.75</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 126.50</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 200</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> SCOUTTEN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 42</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> --</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 11508.60</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 84.20</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 210</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> LU</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 20010.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 220</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> SMITH</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 51</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 17654.50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 992.80</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 230</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> LUNDDQUIST</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 51</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 13369.80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 189.65</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 240</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> DANIELS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 19260.25</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 250</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> WHEELER</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 51</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 14460.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 513.30</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 260</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> JONES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 21234.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 270</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> LEA</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 66</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 18555.50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 280</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> WILSON</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 66</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 18674.50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 811.50</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 290</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> QUILL</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 84</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> MGR</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 19818.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> ---</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 300</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> DAVIS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 84</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 15454.50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 806.10</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 310</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> GRAHAM</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 66</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 13</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 21000.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 200.30</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 320</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> GONZALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 66</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 16858.20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 844.00</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 330</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> BURKE</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 66</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 10988.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 55.50</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 340</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> EDWARDS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 84</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> SALES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 17844.00</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 1285.00</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="59"><div> 350</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> GAFNEY</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><div> 84</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><div> CLERK</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><div> 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><div> 13030.50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><div> 188.00</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="59"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="59" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="118" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="82" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="78" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="83" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="616" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="59"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="59" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="118" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="64"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="82"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="82" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="78"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="78" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="92"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="83"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="83" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>                               </div> <bR> <div> SQL Basic Retrieval</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Task:  Produce a list of all information in TABLE ORG</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT DEPTNUMB,DEPTNAME,MANAGER,DIVISION,</div> <div> LOCATION from ORG</div> <div>                  or </div> <div> SELECT * FROM ORG</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <div>             </div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="588" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="VOID" RULES="NONE" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> DEPTNUMB</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> DEPTNAME</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> MANAGER</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="130"><div> DIVISION</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="135"><div> LOCATION</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="94"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> HEAD OFFICE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div> 160</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> CORPORATE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="135"><div> NEW YORK</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="94"><div> 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> NEW ENGLAND</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>   50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="130"><div> EASTERN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="135"><div> BOSTON</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="94"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> MID ATLANTIC</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>   10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="130"><div> EASTERN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> WASHINGTON</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="94"><div> 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> S. ATLANTIC</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>   30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="130"><div> EASTERN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="135"><div> ATLANTA</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="94"><div> 42</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> GREAT LAKES</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div> 100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="130"><div> MIDWEST</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="135"><div> CHICAGO</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="94"><div> 51</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> PLAINS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div> 140</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="130"><div> MIDWEST</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="135"><div> DALLAS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="94"><div> 66</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> PACIFIC</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div> 260</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="130"><div> WESTERN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> SAN FRANCISCO</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="94"><div> 84</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="118"><div> MOUNTAIN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div> 290</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="130"><div> WESTERN</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="135"><div> DENVER</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> MODEL SELECT STATEMENT</div> <bR> <div> SELECT (DISTINCT) ITEMS</div> <div> FROM TABLE NAMES</div> <div> {WHERE CONDITIONS}</div> <div> {GROUP BY COLUMNS {HAVING CONDITIONS} }</div> <div> {ORDER BY COLUMNS}</div> <div> SQL Basic Retrieval</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK: Get all information pertaining to departments assigned to the eastern             division</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <div> SELECT * FROM ORG</div> <div> WHERE DIVISION='EASTERN'</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div>                DEPTNUMB   DEPTNAME       MANAGER       DIVISION          LOCATION</div> <div>                -----------------   ------------------      ----------------     ---------------        ------------------</div> <bR> <div>                            15       NEW ENGLAND             50     EASTERN           BOSTON</div> <div>                           </div> <div>                            20       MID ATLANTIC               10     EASTERN           WASHINGTON</div> <div>                          </div> <div>                            38       SOUTH ATLANTIC         30     EASTERN           ATLANTA</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>NOTES:</U></div> <bR> <div> 1.      Values to be compared with columns of character data must be enclosed      in single quotes (DIVISION='EASTERN')</div> <bR> <div> 2.     Values to be compared with columns of numeric data must      not be In      quotesUsing inequalities in the WHERE clause</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> =     (equal to)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> ^ =   (not equal to)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> >     (greater than)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> >=     (greater than or equal to)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <     (less than)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <=      (less than or equal to)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Search conditions may contain any of the above</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Numbers compare algebraically, meaning negative numbers are less than positive numbers regardless of absolute value</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If comparing two character strings of different lengths, the shorter is padded at the right with blanks to make it the same length</div> <bR> <bR> <div> SQL Basic Retrieval</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:   List all employees with more than 10 years with the company</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT * FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE YEARS> 10</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div>                ID             NAME              DEPT        JOB            YEARS         SALARY          COMM</div> <div>             --------          -----------------    ----------    ---------------      ---------     ---------------       -------------</div> <div>      </div> <div>                 260         JONES                10           MGR                    12         21234.00                 ---</div> <bR> <div>                 310         GRAHAM             10           SALES                13         21000.00          200.30</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Exercises: (Use the ORG, STAFF OR APPLICANT TABLES)</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> 1.   Get all the employees who made more than $1000 commission. </div> <div>       See ex11.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 2.   Get all the employees who make no more than $15,000 salary </div> <div>       (Ignore commission). See ex12.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 3.   Get all the employees who are not clerks. See ex13.sql</div> <bR> <div> Selecting Specific Columns</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK: Get the names and IDs of all employees who are managers</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT ID, NAME</div> <div> FROM   STAFF</div> <div> WHERE JOB='MGR'</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div>            ID                                   NAME</div> <div>            ------                                 -----------</div> <div>  10                                SANDERS</div> <div>  30                                MARENGHI</div> <div>  40                                HANES</div> <div> 100                               PLOTZ</div> <div> 140                               FRAYE</div> <div> 160                               MOLINAIRE</div> <div> 210                               LU</div> <div> 240                               DANIELS</div> <div> 260                               JONES</div> <div> 270                               LEA</div> <div> 290                               QUILL</div> <div> Retrieval of Computed Values</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>TASK: Get the monthly salary of all CLERKS in department 38</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT NAME, SALARY/12</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE  JOB = `CLERK' AND DEPT=38</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >NAME                           SALARY/12</FONT></div> <div> -------------------                 ----------------------</div> <bR> <div>       NAUGHTON                    1079.56</div> <div>      ABRAHAMS                    1000.81</div> <div>             </div> <div>                    </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>NOTES:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> 1.   Computed values, or expressions, make use of the standard operations:</div> <bR> <div> +      ADD</div> <bR> <div> -           SUBTRACT</div> <bR> <div> *           MULTIPLY</div> <bR> <div> /           DIVIDE</div> <div> SQL RETRIEVAL EXAMPLES:</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 1.     Give names of all managers making less than $20,000. See ex21.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 2.     For all employees in department 66, give their name, job function and total </div> <div>      annual earnings (Salary and Commissions). See ex22.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 3.     Give the name and department number of each employee not in department 15. See ex23.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 4.     List all information about employee IDs up to and including 100. See </div> <div>        ex24.sql</div> <bR> <div> Order by Clause</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> SELECT DEPT, NAME, ID, SALARY</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> ORDER BY DEPT, SALARY DESC</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The order by clause describes the order of the query result</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">All columns in the order by clause must also be in the select clause</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Ordering may be ascending or descending on any one field</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Cannot use expressions in the order by clause as an ANSI standard.</div> <bR> <div> NOTE:  Oracle will allow you to use expressions.</div> <bR> <div> Ordering by Descending </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:  Give the employee ID, name, and department for each manager. </div> <div>   Order the result in descending years of service</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <div> SELECT ID, NAME, DEPT, YEARS</div> <div>      FROM   STAFF</div> <div>      WHERE JOB='MGR'</div> <div>      ORDER BY YEARS DESC</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div>           ID          NAME               DEPT     YEARS</div> <div>            ---------     ------------------------     ----------      ------------</div> <div>              260          JONES                 10              12</div> <bR> <div>           310          HANES                 15              10</div> <bR> <div>           210          LU                          10              10</div> <bR> <div>           290          QUILL                    84              10</div> <bR> <div>           270          LEA                  66              10</div> <bR> <div>             10          SANDERS            22                7</div> <bR> <div>           100          PLOTZ                   42                7</div> <bR> <div>           160          MOLINAIRE            10                7</div> <bR> <div>           140          FRAYE                 51                6</div> <bR> <div>             30          MARENGHI            38                5</div> <bR> <div>           240          DANIELS            10                5</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Ordering by column numbers</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:Get the name and monthly salary of each employee in Department 38.  Order the output by descending monthly salary</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> SELECT NAME, SALARY/12</div> <div>      FROM   STAFF</div> <div>      WHERE DEPT=38</div> <div>      ORDER BY 2 DESC</div> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div>     NAME                      SALARY/12</div> <div> -------------------          ----------------------</div> <div> O'BRIEN                    1500.50</div> <bR> <div> MARENGHI               1458.90</div> <bR> <div> QUIGLEY                    1400.69</div> <bR> <div> NAUGHTON               1079.56</div> <bR> <div> ABRAHAMS               1000.81</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>NOTES:</U></div> <bR> <div> Necessary for expressions, since expressions cannot appear in the order by clause</div> <div> The distinct operand</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Case A:  Without the distinct operand</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div>      SELECT EDLEVEL FROM APPLICANT</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <div> EDLEVEL</div> <div> --------------</div> <div>     12</div> <div>     16</div> <div>     13</div> <div>     14</div> <div>     14</div> <div>     12</div> <div>     11</div> <div>     14</div> <div>     12</div> <div>     16</div> <bR> <div> Case B:  With the distinct operand</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT   DISTINCT  EDLEVEL</div> <div> FROM APPLICANT</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <div> EDLEVEL</div> <div>     11</div> <bR> <div>     12</div> <div>  </div> <div>     13</div> <div>  </div> <div>     14</div> <div>  </div> <div>     16</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Selecting On Conditions</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Other conditional clauses</b></div> <bR> <div> Multiple conditions          And, Or, and ( )</div> <bR> <div> Values in a range          Between X and Y</div> <bR> <div> Values from a list          In (X, Y, Z)</div> <bR> <div> Partial search values     Like '%ABC%'</div> <div>                                Like `_A_'</div> <bR> <div> Negative conditions     Not</div> <bR> <div> Checking for nulls          Is Null</div> <bR> <div> Multiple Conditions</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>TASK:  Get the ID, Name, and Department for each manager making more </b></div> <div> <B>  than $21,000</b></div> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <div> SELECT ID, NAME, DEPT</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE JOB = 'MGR' AND SALARY > 21000</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div>           ID          NAME               DEPT</div> <div>                ---------     ------------------------     ---------- </div> <div>                 140          FRAYE                 51     </div> <bR> <div>           160          MOLINAIRE            10     </div> <bR> <div>           260          JONES                 10     </div> <div> Multiple Condition ExERCISES</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 1)   Get the name of each employee who is either a manager or who has over </div> <div>       10 years seniority. See ex31.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 2)   Display the ID, name, and total earnings of each clerk who earned between </div> <div>       12,000 and $15,000 salary in addition to at least $150 commission. See </div> <div>       ex32.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 3)   Display all department numbers having at least one employee with more </div> <div>       than 5 years experience and making less than $15,000. See ex33.sql</div> <bR> <div> The Between Clause</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>TASK:  Get the name of each employee with from 3 to 5 years of service</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> SELECT NAME FROM STAFF </div> <div> WHERE YEARS BETWEEN 3 AND 5</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> NAME</div> <div> ------------</div> <div> MARENGHI</div> <div> NGAN</div> <div> KERMISCH</div> <div> ABRAHAMS</div> <div> LUNDQUIST</div> <div> DANIELS</div> <div> DAVIS</div> <div> GONZALEZ</div> <div> GAFNEY</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>NOTES:</U></div> <bR> <div> Limits are inclusive</div> <bR> <div> The in clause</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>TASK:  Get the name and address of each applicant who's education level </b></div> <div> <B>   is 11, 12, or 16</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT NAME, ADDRESS</div> <div> FROM APPLICANT</div> <div> WHERE EDLEVEL IN (11, 12, 16);</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> NAME     ADDRESS     </div> <div> ------------     ---------------</div> <div> FROMMHERZ     SAN JOSE, CA</div> <div> JACOBS     POUGHKEEPSIE, NY.</div> <div> JEFFYREYS     PHILADELPHIA, PA.</div> <div> STANLEY     CHICAGO, IL.</div> <div> LEEDS     EAST FISHKILL, NY.</div> <div>           GASPARD                           PARIS, TX.</div> <div> The Like Clause</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>TASK:  Display the department number and department name for each </b></div> <div> <B>  department that has the string "ATLANTIC" embedded somewhere </b></div> <div> <B>  in the department name</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT DEPTNUMB, DEPTNAME</div> <div> FROM ORG</div> <div> WHERE DEPTNAME LIKE '%ATLANTIC%'</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> DEPTNUMB          DEPTNAME</div> <div> ------------------          -----------------</div> <div>      20               MID ATLANTIC</div> <bR> <div>      38               SOUTH ATLANTIC</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <bR> <div> 1)   The percent sign (%) stands for any number of characters, or none</div> <bR> <div> 2)   The % may appear before the string, after the string, or both</div> <bR> <div> THE LIKE CLAUSE</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>TASK: List the name of each employee whose name contains the </b></div> <div> <B> characters 'ON' in the second and third position</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT NAME FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE NAME LIKE '__ON%'</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> NAME</div> <div> ---------</div> <div> JONES</div> <div> GONZALEZ</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>NOTES:</U></div> <bR> <div> 1)   Each underscore (not hyphen) represents exactly one character</div> <bR> <div> 2)   The like clause is only valid with character data</div> <bR> <div> THE LIKE CLAUSE EXERCISES</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 1)   Display the department name and manager id (from org table) of each department whose location ends with the characters "TON". See ex41.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 2)   Display all department names that contain the characters "AIN" anywhere </div> <div>       after the first character. See ex42.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 3)   Display all employee names that begin with "S" and contain at least one "D"</div> <div>       See ex43.sql</div> <bR> <div> Negative Conditions</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> The opposite of any condition can be indicated by placing "NOT" in front of it:</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT DEPTNUMB, DEPTNAME</div> <div> FROM ORG</div> <div> WHERE DEPTNUMB NOT BETWEEN 15 AND 66</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> DEPTNUMB               DEPTNAME</div> <div> ------------------          -----------------</div> <div>      10                    HEAD OFFICE</div> <div>      84                    MOUNTAIN</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT ID, NAME</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE ID BETWEEN 200 AND 230</div> <div> AND NAME NOT LIKE 'S%'</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> ID          NAME</div> <div> ---          -----------</div> <div> 210          LU</div> <div> 230          LUNDQUIST</div> <bR> <div> Negative Conditions</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Case A:</b></div> <bR> <div> SELECT DEPTNUMB, DEPTNAME</div> <div> FROM ORG</div> <div> WHERE NOT DEPTNUMB > 15</div> <div> AND DIVISION = 'EASTERN'</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <div>             </div> <div>                     DEPTNUMB   DEPTNAME</div> <div>      </div> <div>           15            NEW ENGLAND</div> <div>      </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Case B:</b></div> <bR> <div> SELECT DEPTNUMB, DEPTNAME</div> <div> FROM ORG</div> <div> WHERE NOT (DEPTNUMB > 15</div> <div>            AND DIVISION = 'EASTERN')</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <div>             </div> <bR> <div>            DEPTNUMB   DEPTNAME</div> <bR> <div>                        10       HEAD OFFICE</div> <bR> <div>                        15       NEW ENGLAND</div> <bR> <div>                        42       GREAT LAKES</div> <bR> <div>                        51       PLAINS</div> <bR> <div>                        66       PACIFIC</div> <bR> <div>                        84       MOUNTAIN</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Built In Functions </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="117b6fb0.png" border=0 width="438" height="251" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> If one built in function is specified in the select clause, all other items in the select list must also be built in functions (unless the group by clause is used)</div> <bR> <div> Null values are not included in any calculation</div> <div> <I>FINAL TOTALS USING BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>      TASK:  Retrieve the maximum salary, maximum commission,  total salary </div> <div>             average commission, and total number of distinct salaries for the staff</div> <div>              table</div> <bR> <div>      SQL:</div> <bR> <div>           SELECT max(salary) “Max Salary”, max(comm) “Max Comm,</div> <div>                                        sum(salary) “Sum Salary”, avg(comm) “Average Comm”, </div> <div>                    count(distinct salary) “Unique Sal” from staff</div> <bR> <bR> <div>      RESULT:</div> <bR> <div>      Max Salary     Max Comm     Sum Salary       Average Comm     Unique Sal</div> <div>      ------------     ---------------     --------------         ----------------------     ------------------</div> <div>      22,959.20     1,386.70     589,192.98          488.07               34</div> <bR> <bR> <div> When using Built-in functions and the select  clause only has built-in functions declared (see above) then Oracle will return one and only one row.  Summary totals bring back only one row.</div> <div> BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS ExERCISES</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 1)     What is the total number of departments?. See ex51.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      <IMG SRC="11834270.png" border=0 width="52" height="39" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      (1 ROW SELECTED)</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 2)     How many different divisions are there?See ex52.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      <IMG SRC="11994200.png" border=0 width="148" height="32" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      (1 ROW SELECTED)</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 3)     List the average salary for managers. See ex53.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      <IMG SRC="11a4d270.png" border=0 width="77" height="39" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      (1 ROWS SELECTED)</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 4)     What is the maximum salary for employees with less than 5 years of service? See ex54.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      <IMG SRC="11b4f270.png" border=0 width="79" height="39" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      (1 ROWS SELECTED)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 5)     What is the total years of service for all employees in departments 15, 20, and 42? See ex55.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS</div> <div>      <IMG SRC="11c47270.png" border=0 width="71" height="39" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      (1 ROW SELECTED)</div> <bR> <div> Group by Clause</div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="11e15bd0.png" border=0 width="277" height="189" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Used in conjunction with built in functions</div> <div> Conceptually rearranges the table into groups, one group per value of the </div> <div>   group by field</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The result consists of one row per value of the group by field</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Each item in the select clause must be single valued per group</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Group by Clause</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:  Display the minimum, average, and maximum salary for each </div> <div>     job function</div> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT JOB, MIN(SALARY), AVG(SALARY),</div> <div> MAX(SALARY)FROM STAFF</div> <div> GROUP BY JOB</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT: </U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="11f686c0.png" border=0 width="360" height="108" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>NOTES:</U></div> <bR> <div> If used, group by clause must be after the from and where clauses, and before the order by clause</div> <bR> <div> The Having Clause</div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="12095790.png" border=0 width="405" height="377" ALT="Microsoft Clip Gallery" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> How do I filter rows from a previous results table?</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Always used with the group by clause</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Just as the where clause eliminates rows from single select query, the having clause eliminates whole groups specified in the group by clause</div> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:  For any departments with more than 4 employees, show the total number </div> <div>             of employees in those departments.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>EXAMPLE:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT DEPT, COUNT (*)</div> <div> FROM STAFF </div> <div> GROUP BY DEPT</div> <div> HAVING COUNT(*)>4</div> <div> ORDER BY DEPT</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULT:</U></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U><IMG SRC="121ab6c0.png" border=0 width="171" height="108" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></div> <bR> <div> All departments with no more than 4 employees are eliminated from the result</div> <bR> <div> THE HAVING CLAUSE EXERCISES:</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 1)   For each department whose average salary is greater than $18,000, List the </div> <div>       department number, average years of service, and average salary. See </div> <div>       ex61.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      <IMG SRC="12202200.png" border=0 width="258" height="32" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      (1 ROW SELECTED)</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 2)   List each department number where all employees have at least 5 years of </div> <div>       service. See ex62.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      <IMG SRC="123a7490.png" border=0 width="167" height="73" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      (4 ROWS SELECTED)</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 3)   List each department number having a total commission of at least $1200</div> <div>       See ex63.sql</div> <div>           RESULTS:</div> <div>           <IMG SRC="124b9640.png" border=0 width="185" height="100" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>           (6 ROWS SELECTED)</div> <div> Retrieval involving Null</div> <bR> <div>     1  +  NULL =  NULL</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">RDBMS's supports the concept of a field having null status</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">To test a field for null status, a special conditional form is used:</div> <bR> <bR> <div> COLUMN-NAME IS {NOT} NULL</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> EXAMPLE:</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I><U>INCORRECT:</U></I></div> <bR> <div> SELECT ID, NAME</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE COMM=NULL</div> <bR> <div> <U>CORRECT:</U></div> <bR> <div> SELECT ID, NAME</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE COMM IS NULL</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Treatment of Nulls</div> <bR> <bR> <div> A null value means that there is no value assigned.  In other words the value is unknown.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1252cfb0.png" border=0 width="300" height="251" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 1.   What teams have won more games than the Orioles?</div> <bR> <div> 2.   Are the Orioles tied with the Alley Cats?</div> <bR> <div> 3.   Are the panthers tied with the Orioles?</div> <bR> <div> 4.   What is the total wins for the league?</div> <bR> <div> 5.   What is the average wins per team?</div> <bR> <div> Treatment of Nulls</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Whenever a null is used to derive a result, the result is also null (unknown)</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="12604b40.png" border=0 width="260" height="180" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> Nulls are excluded before Oracle performs any calculations.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Null Values are excluded for:</div> <bR> <div> <U>Comparison</U></div> <bR> <div> WHERE WINS < 4</div> <div> WHERE WINS >=4</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>Computations:</U></div> <bR> <div>            SALARY  + COMM * 1.10</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >Functions involving Null Values</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="1279e0b0.png" border=0 width="414" height="267" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> <U>BUILT IN FUNCTIONS</U></div> <bR> <div>           <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >MIN          AVG            COUNT(DISTINCT)  </FONT></div> <div>           MAX            SUM</div> <div> TREATMENT OF NULLS</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Nulls are always listed last when Order by Clause in ascending sequence is used</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1285a390.png" border=0 width="346" height="569" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div>                </div> <bR> <div> Null Values Are Considered In</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="12a51bf0.png" border=0 width="337" height="191" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Tests for existence of nulls where wins is (not) null</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Count (*) where all rows are considered</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Select distinct clause produces one null value in result</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Unique indexes allow one row to have a null key except primary key index.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Group by - Creates a separate group for each null</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Order by - Places all nulls at the BOTTOM of the list  (ascending order))</div> <bR> <bR> <div> TREATMENT OF NULLS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Advantages:</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="12b755b0.png" border=0 width="117" height="91" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> Allows identification of values not yet specified</div> <bR> <div> Allows addition of a new column to an existing table</div> <bR> <div> Allows insertion of a row when not all values are known</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Disadvantages</div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="12c65830.png" border=0 width="101" height="131" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Requires additional processing to handle null decisions</div> <bR> <div> Allows insertion of a row containing incomplete data</div> <bR> <div> LAB 3 - MORE ABOUT SELECTS</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="12dab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> </div> <div> Using SQL*PLUS create and execute the following queries using the staff, org and applicant tables. See Lab3.lst for answers.</div> <bR> <div> 1.  Give all information about each clerk</div> <bR> <div> 2.  List the name, salary and commission of each employee by department</div> <bR> <div> 3.  List the names and job functions of all employees working in departments 20, </div> <div>      42, 51, and 84.</div> <bR> <div> 4.  Give the average salary for each department.</div> <bR> <div> 5.  List all sales personnel by descending total earnings (Salary Commission).</div> <bR> <div> 6.  List the names of all employees whose name contains the characters 'ON'.</div> <bR> <div> 7.  Display all employees whose weekly salary is greater than $300.00.</div> <bR> <div> 8.  Display all employees whose commission is at least 5% of total earnings.</div> <bR> <div> 9.  List id, name, salary, and commission for all employees except departments </div> <div>      38 and 41. Order by Department</div> <bR> <div> 10. List every department with at least one employee with a null commission.  </div> <div>       List a department number only one time.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>  </div> <div> <I>ADVANCED STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE</I><I> <A NAME="chapter_3"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I>  -  Chapter 3</I></div> <div> <IMG SRC="12f6dad0.png" border=0 width="109" height="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>TOPIC OBJECTIVES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>This section introduces the more complex SQL statements as used in ORACLE.</b></div> <div> <B>When you finish this section, you will be able to:</b></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Create queries called joins which use more than one table</b></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Comprehend when and how to use subquery statements</b></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Identify and use the Union, Intersect and Difference commands</b></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Write SQL Select statements to not only retrieve rows but to insert, delete and update row columns</b></div> <div> Advanced DML Functions</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="130f0970.png" border=0 width="240" height="151" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Joins</b></div> <bR> <div> A join allows the selection of columns from one or more tables based upon comparing two or more columns.</div> <bR> <div> For example, the following figure  shows a DEPT table with DEPTNO as a primary key and an EMP table with EMPNO as primary key and DEPTNO as foreign key. </div> <bR> <div> <B>           </b><B><U>DEPT  TABLE</U></b><B>                         </b><B><U>EMP TABLE</U></b></div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > Deptno        Dname               Empno              Mgr                Deptno        Sal              Job</FONT>      </div> <div>        </div> <div>         <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >001       SALES                 10            40                   001        50000               Sales</FONT></div> <bR> <div>           002        MANUF                 20            30          002        35800               Tech</div> <div>                               <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >  </FONT></div> <div>                                 30            ..          002        43000               Mgr.</div> <bR> <div>                                 40            ..          001        70500               Mgr.</div> <bR> <div>                                 50            ..          003        34000               Tech</div> <div>                               </div> <div> Join Examples</div> <bR> <bR> <div> A query in which data is retrieved from more than one table. Specifically, select empno, ename, mgr and dname from the appropriate dept and emp tables</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>SQL:</U></b></div> <div> <I><B>SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, MGR, DNAME FROM DEPT,EMP WHERE</b></I></div> <div> <I><B>DEPT.DEPTNO = EMP.DEPTNO ORDER BY EMPNO</b></I></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>RESULT:</U></b></div> <bR> <div>       <U>EMPNO           ENAME          MGR      DNAME              </U></div> <div>      7782               CLARK          7839     ACCOUNTING     </div> <div>      7839               KING                    ACCOUNTING</div> <div>      7934               MILLER          7782     ACCOUNTING</div> <div>      7369               SMITH          7982     RESEARCH</div> <div>      7876               ADAMS          7788     RESEARCH</div> <div>      7902               FORD               7566     RESEARCH</div> <div>      7788               SCOTT          7566     RESEARCH</div> <div>      7566               JONES          7839     RESEARCH</div> <div>      ....     .....                    .....          ......</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Notes about Joins</div> <bR> <div> DEPT<IMG SRC="131f0540.png" border=0 width="240" height="84" ALT="Microsoft Clip Gallery" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">EMP</div> <div> In the previous example, DEPT.DEPTNO =  EMP.DEPTNO is referred to as the JOIN  condition</div> <bR> <div> The two fields in the join condition:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Must be either both numeric or both character</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Should be the same data type (eliminates conversion overhead)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">May have the same or different column names</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">May be compared with equal (=), or with inequalities</div> <bR> <div> Should be used with care.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They can be quite demanding of the system</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">One of the most powerful features of relational systems</div> <div> Qualified names</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">When the columns in the tables to be joined are the same name, you must</div> <div> fully qualify the columns being joined or you will have an ambiguous </div> <div> reference.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Suppose the following query is needed</div> <bR> <div>           List all department managers and their salary</div> <div>           SQL:</div> <div>           <I>SELECT EMP.DEPTNO,ENAME,JOB,SAL,DNAME</I></div> <div> <I>          FROM DEPT,EMP </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE DEPT.DEPTNO = EMP.DEPTNO AND JOB =`MANAGER';</I></div> <bR> <div> NOTES:     Remember that different tables can contain columns with the                    same name</div> <div> Correlation Variables</div> <bR> <bR> <div>           <B>STAFF Table                    APPLICANT Table</b></div> <div> <I>     </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><I>ID     NAME     DEPT .....               ID     NAME     AGE     .....</I></FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>     </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Correlation variables are aliases for table names. They are primarily used when columns in different tables have the same name. This occurs  frequently with primary/foreign key relationships established for referential integrity.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     SELECT A.NAME, S.NAME FROM APPLICANT A, STAFF S </I></div> <div> <I>     WHERE TEMPID=ID</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">“A” and "S" are referred to as correlation variables</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Also referred to as aliases</I></div> <div> Advanced DML Functions</div> <div> <IMG SRC="13201cd0.png" border=0 width="257" height="205" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <I>Equi-join or INNER-JOIN</I></div> <div> An equi-join is a join where a row in one table has a matching row (based upon equal values) in another table based on one (or more)column(s) in each table.</div> <div> <I>For example, if you needed to select the employee id, name, salary, and department name from the appropriate tables for employees employed by division manager 160, you would:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>SELECT      dept, id, salary, deptname</I></div> <div> <I>           FROM STAFF,ORG </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE      dept= deptnumb and manager = 160</I></div> <div> <I>           order by dept;</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>The results are shown in the following figure.</I></div> <div> <I>               </I><I><U>results Table</U></I><I> </I></div> <div> <I>               </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><I>Dept          Id     salary          Deptname</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>               </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><I>10          160     22959.2          HEAD OFFICE</I></FONT></div> <bR> <div> <I>                10          210       20020          HEAD OFFICE</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>                10          260       21234          HEAD OFFICE</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>                10          240      19260.3          HEAD OFFICE</I></div> <div> Advanced DML Functions</div> <bR> <div> <I>Non-equi-join</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>A non-equi-join uses operators other than the equal to (=) such as less than ( < ) and greater than ( > ).  A non-equi-join is a join where a row in one table has a matching row (based upon unequal values) in another table based on one (or more) column(s) in each table.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     Example:  Find a specific employee whose salary is greater than their </I></div> <div> <I>                managers salary: Make sure you match manager 50 with                           employee 170 and the department is 15. </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>SELECT M.DEPT,S.ID, S.NAME,S.SALARY, M.NAME, M.SALARY FROM</I></div> <div> <I>STAFF M, STAFF S WHERE M.JOB = 'MGR' AND  M.ID = 50, AND </I></div> <div> <I>S.ID=170 AND S.SALARY > M.SALARY</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><U>Results: </U></I></div> <bR> <div> <I>          </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><I>DEPT     ID     NAME                    SALARY           NAME              SALARY</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>             15            170     KERMISCH     12258.50           HANES               20659.80</I></div> <div> <I>          (SO NO ROWS WILL BE DISPLAYED BACK BECAUSE THE EMPLOYEE HAS A </I></div> <div> <I>          SMALLER SALARY THAN THE MANAGER)</I></div> <div> <I>As a general rule, non-equi-joins are performed on one row from each table </I></div> <div> <I>only)</I></div> <div> <I>     .</I></div> <div> Advanced DML Functions</div> <div> <I><IMG SRC="13446b30.png" border=0 width="326" height="179" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <div> <I>Outer Join</I></div> <bR> <div> An outer join may be used to include rows from one table that do not have a matching row in another table.</div> <bR> <div>      Example: To find employees with no DEPTNO in the DEPT table use </div> <div>                  this outer join:</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>     SELECT DEPT,ID,DEPTNUMB</b></I></div> <div> <I><B>     FROM STAFF,ORG</b></I></div> <div> <I><B>     WHERE DEPT = DEPTNUMB(+).</b></I></div> <bR> <div> The resulting table is: </div> <div>                <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >DEPT                  ID               DEPTNUMB</FONT></div> <div>      (All matching rows and a employee with a null department value)</div> <div>                NULL                 80                        NULL</div> <bR> <div> Notice that the plus sign in parentheses (+) tells SQL this is an outer join.  Put the (+) on the column on the side of the join where you expect the null value to exist.</div> <div> More about Aliases</div> <bR> <div> Aliases are very important in some advanced manipulation features like correlated subqueries.</div> <div> Sometimes, it is important to have two references to the same table so that the table can be joined to itself.  These aliases are called correlation variables in this case.</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Find all employees in each dept  who have less years of experience than</div> <div>          their manager. </div> <div> <B>SELECT S.NAME, S.DEPT,S.YEARS,  M.NAME, M.DEPT, M.YEARS FROM STAFF S, STAFF M WHERE S.DEPT=M.DEPT AND  M.JOB = `MGR' AND S.YEARS < M.YEARS</b>     </div> <div> <B>          STAFF    S                         STAFF     M</b></div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >NAME               DEPT           YEARS               NAME          DEPT     YEARS</FONT></div> <div>        SANDERS          20      7               SANDERS     20       7</div> <div>      PERNAL          20      8               MARENGHI     38       5</div> <div>      HANES               15           10               HANES              15         10</div> <div>      ROTHMAN     15             7          </div> <div>      NGAN               15             5</div> <div>      KERNISCH     15       10</div> <div>      ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,</div> <div>                                    </div> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <bR> <div>       KOONITZ     42     6     PLOTZ       42     7</div> <div>      YAMAGUCHI       42     6     PLOTZ       42     7<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >       .            .          .        .            .          .          .</FONT></div> <div>       .            .          .        .            .          .          .</div> <div>  Join Exercises:</div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="13582660.png" border=0 width="130" height="102" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> 1.     List the department numbers and department names with their appropriate  </div> <div>      division manager's name and his/her salary. See EX71.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      (8 ROWS RETURNED)</div> <div>      </div> <bR> <div> 2.    For each manager, create a list of people in his/her department whose </div> <div>        salary is greater than the manager's salary. See EX72.sql</div> <div>       RESULTS:</div> <div>      (10 ROWS RETURNED)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 3.    For each applicant list any staff members with the same name. See      EX73.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      (NO ROWS RETURNED)</div> <bR> <div>      </div> <div>      Subqueries</div> <bR> <bR> <div> A subquery is a select-from-where expression nested within another select</div> <bR> <div> <I>SELECT TEMPID, NAME FROM APPLICANT</I></div> <div> <I> WHERE NAME IN </I></div> <div> <I><B>     (SELECT NAME FROM STAFF </b></I></div> <div> <I><B>     WHERE JOB='MGR')</b></I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>The subquery produces a value or group of values which complete the main query</b></div> <div>      - More than one level of subquery nesting can be used</div> <div>      - If a subquery produces no results (rows),  you get an empty report</div> <div> Single Valued Subqueries</div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1367b740.png" border=0 width="123" height="116" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Provides an alternative for the need to use built in functions in the where</div> <div> clause..</div> <bR> <div> TASK:  Get the names of all applicants evaluated at the</div> <div> highest education level</div> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <div> <I>          SELECT NAME FROM APPLICANT</I></div> <div> <I>           WHERE EDLEVEL =</I></div> <div> <I>          (SELECT MAX(EDLEVEL)  </I></div> <div> <I>          FROM APPLICANT)</I></div> <bR> <div> RESULTS:</div> <div>      GASPARD</div> <div>      JACOBS</div> <bR> <div> NOTE:  If "=" (Or an inequality) precedes the subquery it must be single</div> <div> valued</div> <div> Multivalued Subqueries</div> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK: List the id and name for each employee in the eastern division</div> <bR> <div> SQL:</div> <div> <I>               SELECT ID, NAME FROM STAFF</I></div> <div> <I>               WHERE DEPT IN</I></div> <div> <I>                    (SELECT DEPTNUMB FROM ORG </I></div> <div> <I>                    WHERE DIVISION='EASTERN')</I></div> <div> <I>               ORDER BY ID</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>RESULTS:</U></div> <div> All employees from departments 15, 20, and 38</div> <div>  The Any Parameter</div> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:      List any employee whose salary is greater than at least one </div> <div>           department's average salary</div> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> <I>               SELECT NAME FROM STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>               WHERE SALARY  > ANY </I></div> <div> <I>               (SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM STAFF</I></div> <div> <I>               GROUP BY DEPT)</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTE:</div> <div> Condition is true if true for at least one value produced by the subquery</div> <div> The Exists Parameter</div> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:     List each department in Org with at least one employee with more </div> <div>           than 8 years of service</div> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> <I>               SELECT DEPTNUMB FROM ORG </I></div> <div> <I>               WHERE EXISTS </I></div> <div> <I>               (SELECT * FROM STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>               WHERE DEPT=DEPTNUMB AND YEARS > 8)</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTE:</div> <div> If subquery produces at least one value, the department is included in the result</div> <div> Exercise 8:</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="137c37c0.png" border=0 width="195" height="124" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div>     1     List the managers in the Midwest division. See ex81.sql</div> <div> RESULTS:</div> <div> <U>NAME</U>            <U>DEPT</U></div> <div> PLOTZ               42</div> <div> FRAYE               51</div> <bR> <div> 2. List the managers whose departments average salary is greater than </div> <div>         the overall average salary. See ex82.sql</div> <div>  RESULTS:</div> <div> <U>DEPT</U>          <U>NAME</U>               <U>SALARY</U>     <U>JOB</U></div> <div>          10          MOLINARE          22059.2     MGR</div> <div>          10          LU                 20010     MGR</div> <div>          10          DANIELS          19260.3     MGR</div> <div>          10          JONES            21234     MGR</div> <bR> <div> 3. Find the employee with the highest salary. See ex83.sql</div> <div>      RESULTS:</div> <div>      <U>NAME</U>               <U>SALARY</U></div> <div>      MOLINARE     22959.2</div> <bR> <bR> <div>    4.  Retrieve the employee number, name, salary, and commission of all </div> <div>       employees who earn more than $20,000.00 only if any employee earns less </div> <div>       than $350.00 commission. (Hint: use an exist statement). See ex84.sql</div> <div>        RESULTS:  7 rows</div> <div> <I> SET OPERATORS (Conjunctions)</I></div> <div> <I><IMG SRC="139de0c0.png" border=0 width="478" height="268" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <bR> <div> Set operators combine the results of multiple queries into a single result. The following table lists SQL set  operators in order of precedence from high to low.</div> <div> <B><U>Operator          Function                              Example          </U></b></div> <div> <B>UNION          </b>Combines queries to return all distinct rows     ...SELECT ..</div> <div>                returned by any individual query (OR)          UNION   SELECT ...</div> <bR> <div> <B>INTERSECT     </b>Combines queries to return all distinct rows     ...SELECT....</div> <div>                returned by every individual query. (AND)     INTERSECT SELECT..</div> <bR> <div> <B>MINUS          </b>Combines queries to return all distinct rows     ....SELECT....</div> <div>                returned by the first query but not the           MINUS SELECT.....</div> <div>                second query (AND NOT)</div> <div>                </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>UNION</I></div> <div> <IMG SRC="13aeb7f0.png" border=0 width="235" height="127" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <I>A UNION conjunction would combine rows in all queries in the union eliminating duplicate rows.</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The results would be similar to those returned when using a WHERE clause with an OR logical operator.</I></div> <div> <I>TASK: List employees by department.  Designate for each employee if his years of service are from 0 to 5, from 6 to 10, or greater than 10</I></div> <div> <I><U>SQL:</U></I></div> <div> <I>          SELECT DEPT, ID, NAME, '0-5 YEARS' </I></div> <div> <I>          FROM STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE YEARS < 6</I></div> <div> <I>          UNION</I></div> <div> <I>          SELECT DEPT, ID, NAME ,'6-10 YEARS' </I></div> <div> <I>          FROM STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE YEARS BETWEEN 6 AND 10</I></div> <div> <I>          UNION</I></div> <div> <I>          SELECT DEPT, ID, NAME, 'MORE THAN 10 YEARS'</I></div> <div> <I>          FROM STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE YEARS >10 </I></div> <div> <I>          ORDER BY 1,2</I></div> <div> <I>RESULT:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>          DEPT      ID          NAME               0 - 5 YEARS</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>          10     160          MOLINARE          6 - 10 YEARS</I></div> <div> <I>          10     210          LU               6 - 10 YEARS</I></div> <div> <I>          10     240          DANIELS          0 - 5   YEARS</I></div> <div> <I>          10     260          JONES          MORE THAN 10 YRS</I></div> <div> <I>          ..          ..          ..               ..</I></div> <div> <I>Exercise 9  on Union:</I></div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="13b8c730.png" border=0 width="140" height="115" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>List all the applicants and staff members, order by ID.  Label each person as either "STAFF" or "APPLICANT”. See EX91.sql</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>RESULTS:</I></div> <div> <I>         44 or 45 rows selected</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Provide an employee list which indicates which employees make less than the average and which employees have salaries greater than or equal to the average. See EX92.sql</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     RESULTS:</I></div> <div> <I>          35 rows selected</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     SET OPERATOR INTERSECT</I></div> <div> <IMG SRC="13c0b8d0.png" border=0 width="267" height="141" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>The INTERSECT clause results would be similar to those returned when using a WHERE clause with an AND logical operator.</b></div> <bR> <div> The following example would produce an empty results table because an employee is only assigned one DEPTNO at any given time</div> <bR> <div> <I>          SELECT EMPNO, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO = 001</I></div> <div> <I>          INTERSECT </I></div> <div> <I>          SELECT EMPNO, DEPTNO FROM EMP  WHERE DEPTNO = 003</I></div> <bR> <div> The following use of intersect would give a non-empty results table:</div> <bR> <div> <I>          SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP  </I></div> <div> <I>          INTERSECT</I></div> <div> <I>          SELECT EMPNO FROM PROJECTB</I></div> <bR> <div> Results:     EMPNO          </div> <div>           10          </div> <div>           20          </div> <div>           </div> <bR> <div> The Minus Conjunction</div> <div> <IMG SRC="13dec860.png" border=0 width="236" height="134" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>The minus conjunction is similar to using the 'AND NOT' logical operator  is a WHERE clause of a SELECT statement</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>          SELECT EMPNO, SAL FROM EMP </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE SAL > 46000 </I></div> <div> <I>          MINUS</I></div> <div> <I>          SELECT EMPNO, SAL FROM EMP </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE DEPTNO = 001</I></div> <div> Results:     EMPNO          SAL</div> <bR> <div>           50          90000</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>          SELECT EMPNO CONTRACTOR FROM PROJECTB  </I></div> <div> <I>          MINUS</I></div> <div> <I>          SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP</I></div> <bR> <div> Results:     CONTRACTOR          </div> <div>           578          </div> <div>           789          </div> <div>            </div> <bR> <div> MODIFY Functions</div> <bR> <bR> <div> SQL Insert a Row:</div> <bR> <div> <I>     INSERT INTO ORG</I></div> <div> <I>     VALUES (95, 'COASTAL', 150, 'MIDWEST','HOUSTON')</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <div> Adds the following row to the ORG Table</div> <bR> <div> <U>DEPTNUMB</U>          <U>DEPTNAME</U>          <U>MANAGER</U>     <U>DIVISION</U>     <U>LOCATION</U></div> <div>           95          COASTAL               150     MIDWEST     HOUSTON</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Data value list must correspond to the list of columns in the table</div> <bR> <div> Null values may be specified for a column with null</div> <div> MODIFY Functions</div> <bR> <bR> <div> SQL Insert Selected Columns</div> <bR> <div> <I>     INSERT INTO ORG(DEPTNUMB, DEPTNAME, LOCATION)</I></div> <div> <I>     VALUES (95,'COASTAL', 'HOUSTON')</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Columns not specified are given the value null</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A value must be specified for any column defined as not null in the table create statement</div> <bR> <div> <I>     INSERT INTO MYSTAFF (ID, NAME, DEPT)</I></div> <div> <I>     SELECT ID, NAME,DEPT</I></div> <div> <I>     FROM STAFF WHERE JOB = 'CLERK'</I></div> <bR> <div> Copies all clerk rows from STAFF to table MYSTAFF</div> <bR> <div> The insert (as with all updates) may be performed on a table if</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">You created the table</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">You have been granted insert authority on the table</div> <div> Update a single row</div> <bR> <div> Task:       Update employee number 150 to change job description to Manager, </div> <div>           Department to 95 and provide a 15% increase in salary.</div> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> <I>          UPDATE STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>          SET JOB='MGR', DEPT=95,      SALARY=SALARY * 1.15 </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE ID=150</I></div> <div> This example updates the department, job and salary for ID 150</div> <bR> <div> <I>Update multiple rows</I></div> <bR> <div> <U>SQL:</U></div> <bR> <div> <I>     UPDATE STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>          SET COMM = COMM + 500 </I></div> <div> <I>          WHERE DEPT = 38</I></div> <bR> <div> This query gives every employee in Department 38 a $500 commission bonus</div> <div> <I>COMPLEX UPDATE</I></div> <bR> <div> Task:     Provide all employee who worked for Project number 50 a bonus </div> <div>           equal to 15%  of their salary.      This requires that you search the </div> <div>           Project table to find all employees in Project 50 and then update the </div> <div>           employees Bonus field in the Staff table</div> <bR> <div>           Update Staff</div> <div>           Set Bonus =  salary * .15</div> <div>           where id in</div> <div>           (Select empno</div> <div>            from project</div> <div>           where projectno = 50);</div> <div>      </div> <div>           Result:  All employees attached to Project number 50 are given a </div> <div>           15% bonus.</div> <div> <I>          SQL DELETE</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Single row delete</div> <bR> <div> 1.     <I>DELETE FROM STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>     WHERE  ID = 150</I></div> <bR> <div> Multiple row delete</div> <bR> <div> 2.     <I>DELETE FROM STAFF </I></div> <div> <I>     WHERE JOB = 'CLERK'</I></div> <div> <I>COMPLEX DELETE</I></div> <bR> <div> Task:     Delete all employee who worked for Project number 50.</div> <bR> <div>           Delete from  Staff</div> <div>           where id in</div> <div>           (Select empno</div> <div>            from project</div> <div>           where projectno = 50);</div> <div>      </div> <div>           Result:  All employees attached to Project number 50 are deleted </div> <div> LAB 4 - SELECTING ROWS FROM MORE THAN ONE TABLE</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="13eab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> </div> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:  Retrieve all employees in department 20. Print out the department name along with their id, name, and salary. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> TASK:  Select the employee number, name, job, salary, department and division for all employees whose salary is in the range of 15000 to 30000 dollars. Sort the data by division and job. See salrang.sql</div> <bR> <div> RESULTS:</div> <bR> <div> 23 rows are selected</div> <bR> <div> 3.   TASK: Display the  rows in staff table that do not have a match in the org</div> <div>      table (an employee who does not have a department number in the org </div> <div>      table) as well as those employees with department numbers that do have a</div> <div>      match in the org table. See outrjoin.sql. Optional - See if you can just return </div> <div>      a staff row(s) that does not have a match in the org table.</div> <bR> <div> RESULTS:</div> <bR> <div> You will have 35 rows returned which include an employee named</div> <div> JAMES who is a clerk with no valid department number.</div> <div> LAB 4 - SELECTING ROWS FROM MORE THAN ONE TABLE</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="13fab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> </div> <bR> <bR> <div> 4.      a. Insert your name and relevant information into the applicant table.</div> <div>          b. Insert a row into the org table which creates a new Division (Southwest),</div> <div>           department number (77), department name (Dallas), location (Plano), and</div> <div>           manager (10).</div> <div>       c. You have been hired by the company. Move your applicant information  </div> <div>          from the applicant table to the staff table. Your salary is $50,000.00, you </div> <div>            have no commission, and your job status is “MGR”. see cmplxins.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 5.  Display all location or division or department names eliminating duplicates.</div> <div>      The company is looking at defining a new set of specifications on the names </div> <div>      it uses so it needs to look at all the current alphanumeric names being used.</div> <div>      Eliminate duplicates.  See union.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 6.  You have received a promotion. Upgrade your salary by 10%. Give yourself a </div> <div>       $5,000.00 commission as well. See update6.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 7.  Find the person(s) who has worked with the company longest and give them </div> <div>      a 10% salary increase. See update7.sql</div> <bR> <div> LAB 4 - SELECTING ROWS FROM MORE THAN ONE TABLE</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="13eab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> </div> <bR> <bR> <div> 8.  Whoops!!. Our applicant tables need to be cleaned up. Delete anyone in </div> <div>      the applicant tables who is now a permanent employee.     Please delete </div> <div>      them from the appropriate tables. See cmplxdel.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE EXTENSIONS</b><B> <A NAME="chapter_4"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></b><B>  -  Chapter 4</b></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="14175be0.png" border=0 width="373" height="190" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <I>TOPIC OBJECTIVES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> This section introduces the NON-ANSI standard SQL statements as used in ORACLE.</div> <div> When you finish this section, you will be able to:</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>     Understand how to expand a column headings width </div> <div>           for display purposes</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>     Create queries which prompt users for input data to a </div> <div>           query</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>     Utilize non standard built in functions such as </div> <div>           INITCAP and INSTR</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>     Produce edited numeric columns</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>     Understand what “smart” dates are and how to use                          them in calculations</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I>ORACLE SQL Plus Commands</I></div> <div> <I>FORMATS</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Oracle provides capabilities to change the width and format of datatypes:</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">     Column width</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">     Numeric</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">     Character</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">     Date</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">CHANGING THE COLUMN WIDTH </div> <bR> <bR> <div>   DALLAS       Mayor          DALLAS         Mayor          </div> <bR> <div> 'COLUMN colname FORMAT An' with 'n' being </div> <div> the desired column width.</div> <bR> <div> COLUMN NAME FORMAT A13</div> <div> SELECT DEPT, NAME FROM STAFF</div> <bR> <div> The only thing that may vary in a character column is the column width.</div> <bR> <div> NUMBER FORMATS</div> <bR> <div>           SET NUMFORMAT $99,999.99</div> <div>           select id,name,<I>salary,comm</I></div> <div>           from staff where id = 10</div> <bR> <div>           RESULT:  </div> <div>           ID     NAME               SALARY          COMM</div> <div>           10     SANDERS          $18,357.50               -</div> <bR> <div> To reset NUMFORMAT back to the original settings:</div> <bR> <div> <I>          SET NUMFORMAT “”NUMBER FORMATS</I></div> <bR> <div>           The following formats can be used for numeric data</div> <div>           </div> <div>     INITIAL</div> <div>     FORMAT      DATA          RESULT</div> <div>  </div> <div> 999.99     56.478     56.48          Rounds to 2 decimal places</div> <bR> <div> 9,999          8410          8,410          Comma separates                                         thousands</div> <bR> <div>  09999     607          00607          Leading zeros fill format</div> <bR> <div>  9999          -5609          -5609          Minus sign normally                                    precedes</div> <bR> <div> 9999MI     -5609          5609-          Minus sign follows number</div> <bR> <div> 9999PR     -5609          <5609>     Negative number in                                         parenthesis</div> <bR> <div> B999          0                    Blank when zero</div> <bR> <div> 99.99           124.98     ##.##          Value too large for format</div> <bR> <div> $99.99     45.23          $45.23     Dollar sign displayed</div> <bR> <div> $99.99PR      -45.23          <$45.23>     Combined formats</div> <bR> <div> 9.99EEEE       1200          1.20E+03     Exponential notation</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     You can set the numeric format for individual columns by using the      following command.</FONT></div> <bR> <div>            column  salary format $99,999.99</div> <bR> <div>         select name,salary,comm from staff</div> <div>      where id = 10;</div> <bR> <div>      RESULT:</div> <div>           NAME          SALARY     COMM</div> <div>           PERNAL     $18,171.25     612.45     </div> <div> CHARACTER</div> <div> <IMG SRC="1438c3f0.png" border=0 width="140" height="63" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Functions are used to modify character columns.  The character </div> <div> functions are listed below.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">INITCAP(char) capitalizes the first character of the specified string.</div> <bR> <div>  Example : SELECT ENAME,INITCAP(ENAME) FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">INSTR(char1,char2,n,m) returns the position of the Mth</div> <div> occurrence of char2 in char1 beginning at position n.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Example : Find the employees that have the string 'AM'</div> <div> beginning in position 2 of the ENAME column.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE INSTR(ENAME,'AM')=2;</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">LENGTH(char) - Returns the length of a string.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Example : Find the length of all of the ENAME occurrences.</div> <div>                SELECT ENAME, LENGTH(ENAME) FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">RTRIM or LTRIM(char) - RTRIM trims trailing spaces from a string.</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >   Example : Using the Length function a Rrim, find the actual number of characters each name takes in the ENAME column by eliminating trailing spaces from all of the ENAME occurrences.</FONT></div> <div>                </div> <div> SELECT ENAME, LENGTH(RTRIM(ENAME)) FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">SUBSTR(char,n,m) - A substring of char beginning at position</div> <div> n positions m long.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Example : Find the third character in the ENAME </div> <div> column for all employees in the EMP table.</div> <bR> <div>                      SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME,3, 1) FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">LOWER or UPPER(char) - Changes uppercase characters to lowercase.</div> <bR> <div>                         </div> <div> DATE FORMATS</div> <div> <IMG SRC="14443da0.png" border=0 width="323" height="218" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> SELECT TO_CHAR(MDATE,'MM-DD-YYYY') NEWDATE FROM ORDERS</div> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <div> NEWDATE</div> <div> 02-08-1998</div> <bR> <div> YYYY or YYY or YY or Y     Produces 1998 or 998 or 98 or 8.</div> <bR> <div> BC or AD          BC/AD indicator.</div> <bR> <div> Q               Quarter of year. 1st or 2nd or 3rd or 4th.</div> <bR> <div> MM               Month.</div> <bR> <div> MONTH          Name of Month, padded with blanks to      length of 9.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO ID,ENAME,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MONTH DD,YYYY') </div> <div> HIREDATE  FROM EMP WHERE empno = 7900</div> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <div> <I><U>ID   </U></I>     <I><U>NAME</U></I><U>     </U>     <I><U>HIREDATE</U></I></div> <div> 7900     JAMES     FEBRUARY 08, 1998</div> <bR> <div> FMMONTH          Name of Month variable length.</div> <div> MON               Name of Month as 3-letter abbreviation.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO ID,ENAME,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MON DD,YYYY') </div> <div> HIREDATE FROM EMP  WHERE empno = 7900</div> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <div> <I><U>ID    </U></I>     <I><U>NAME</U></I>          <I><U>HIREDATE</U></I></div> <div> 7900     JAMES     FEB.  08, 1998</div> <div>           WW or W          Week of Year or Month</div> <div>           DDD or DD or D     Day of Year, Month or Week.</div> <div>           DAY               Name of Day, padded with blanks </div> <div>                          to a length of 9.</div> <div>           FMDAY          Name of day variable length.</div> <bR> <div>           DY               Name of Day, 3-letter                                                   abbreviation (Mon,Tue,etc.)</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO ID,ENAME,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MON DD,DY,YYYY') </div> <div> HIREDATE FROM EMP  WHERE EMPNO = 7900</div> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <div> <I><U>ID    </U></I>     <I><U>NAME</U></I>          <I><U>HIREDATE</U></I></div> <div> 7900     JAMES     FEB.  08, WED, 1998</div> <div> J               Julian day; number of days since </div> <div>                12/31/4713 B.C.</div> <div> AM or PM          Meridian indicator.</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <U><IMG SRC="146445c0.png" border=0 width="68" height="92" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></div> <div> HH or HH12          Hour of day in 12 hour format.</div> <div>           HH24               Military clock time</div> <div> /.,               Punctuation is printed as desired in </div> <div>                format.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO ID,ENAME,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MM/DD/YY') </div> <div> HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = 7900</div> <bR> <div> <I><U>ID</U></I>     <I><U>NAME</U></I>          <I><U>HIREDATE</U></I></div> <div> 7900     JAMES     02/12/98</div> <bR> <div> anything          Quoted string is printed in format.</div> <bR> <div> codeTH          Suffix to make ordinal number (e.g. </div> <div>                DDTH for 4TH).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Note that capitalization in spelled-out word or abbreviation</div> <div> follows format elements :</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,</div> <div> TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DDth  “of” Month,YYYY') FROM EMP</div> <div>  </div> <div> would yield 8th of February, 1998 for example.</div> <div> <U>The DATE FUNCTIONS</U></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="147a2810.png" border=0 width="162" height="129" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Allow  for  great flexibility in using dates.  Some of the </div> <div> functions refer to date and others to date and time.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">     ADD_MONTHS(d,n) - Date 'd' plus 'n' months.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO, ADD_MONTHS(Hiredate, 6)</div> <div> FROM EMP</div> <div> RESULT:</div> <div> <IMG SRC="148c9200.png" border=0 width="201" height="32" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     LAST_DAY(d) - Returns the last day of the month specified.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO, LAST_DAY (Hiredate)</div> <div> FROM EMP</div> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="149be200.png" border=0 width="190" height="32" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     TRUNC(<I>d) - </I>Truncates the time in a date field</div> <bR> <div> SELECT  EMPNO, HIREDATE</div> <div> FROM EMP</div> <div> WHERE TRUNC(HIREDATE) =</div> <div>  TRUNC(SYSDATE); </div> <div>      </div> <bR> <div>      RESULT:</div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="14a99210.png" border=0 width="153" height="33" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>SYNTAX OPERATORS & PARAMETER SUBSTITUTION</I></div> <div> The SYNTAX operators are special characters used to define </div> <div> queries to Oracle.</div> <bR> <div> '&n'                    Ampersand operator allows parameter </div> <div>                     substitution</div> <div> .</div> <bR> <bR> <div> '&var-name'          Substitution of value of variable.  When      variable is</div> <div>                     undefined, then SQL*PLUS prompts for value each</div> <div>                     execution.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> '&&var-name'     Similar to '&var-name' except prompts </div> <div>                only the first time in an execution      for 'var-name'.</div> <bR> <div> Parenthesis ( )     Surround a subquery or function.</div> <bR> <div>      select substr(name,1,instr(name,' `)) FIRSTNAME from name;</div> <bR> <div> Single quote '     Surrounds a character or date constant.  </div> <div>                     Use two single quotes to represent one single                               quote.</div> <bR> <div> Double quotes (")     Surrounds a column name or alias that </div> <div>                     contains special characters(such as </div> <div>                     spaces) or literal data in a date format.</div> <bR> <div> At (@) sign     Used to define tables linked from a </div> <div>                remote site through SQL*NET. For example</div> <bR> <div>                 SELECT * FROM EMP@BOSTON.</div> <div> <I>THE CONVERSION FUNCTIONS</I></div> <bR> <div> <U><IMG SRC="14b17950.png" border=0 width="279" height="149" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></div> <bR> <div> <U>The data conversion functions are used to change values from one format to another.  A conversion may need to be done where inconsistent data types are not allowed, such as in arithmetic functions.  These functions may also be used to convert between </U></div> <div> <U>generic SQL formats and SQL*PLUS formats.</U></div> <bR> <div>      Descriptions of the conversion functions follow.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">TO_CHAR(n[,fmt]) converts number 'n' to a CHAR value in the</div> <div> format specified.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,TO_CHAR(YEARS) FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <div> When 'fmt' is omitted, 'n' is converted to a CHAR value</div> <div> exactly long enough to hold the significant digits.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">TO_CHAR(d[,fmt]) converts date 'd' to a CHAR value in the</div> <div> format specified.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MM-DD-YY')</div> <div>      FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">TO_DATE(char[,fmt]) converts a date from a CHAR value of</div> <div> format 'fmt' to a date value.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,TO_DATE(`FEB, 08,1995',MMDDYY) </div> <div> FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <div> TO_NUMBER(char) converts a CHAR value containing a number to a NUMBER value.</div> <bR> <div>                SELECT ID,NAME,TO_NUMBER(SSN#) FROM EMP;</div> <div> <I>OTHER FUNCTIONS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> DECODE(char,val,code,val,code,...default) translates coded column values into the meanings of the code.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO,E NAME, DECODE(CODE,1,'ADD',2,'DELETE',3,'UPDATE','ERROR')</div> <div> FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Using DECODE to order rows in a non-standard order.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT CODE,EMPNO,ENAME FROM EMP</div> <div> ORDER BY DECODE(CODE,2,-3,3,-2,CODE);</div> <bR> <bR> <div> NVL(x,expr) displays 'expression' if 'x' is null else 'x' is displayed.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,NVL(TO_CHAR(COMM),'NO VALUE')</div> <div>      FROM EMP;</div> <bR> <bR> <div> selecting today's date</div> <bR> <div> <B>          </b>select empno,ename,<B>sysdate</b> from emp;</div> <bR> <bR> <div> LAB 5 - Using SQL*PLUS commands for reporting</div> <div> <IMG SRC="14cab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> </div> <div> (See LAB5.LST for answers)</div> <bR> <div> 1.        Display the employee number, name and salary of all managers who</div> <div>      are in department 10.  Format salary so that it has a dollar sign.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 2.    Select  all division managers from the org table. Change the department</div> <div>      heading to “DEPARTMENT”.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 3.    Set the numeric format for all columns in the staff table to equal </div> <div>      $999,999.99PR.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 4.       Display all employees information who have a commission greater than a </div> <div>      user defined value. Use a temporary variable to prompt the user for the </div> <div>      commission value.</div> <div>       </div> <bR> <div> 5.   Retrieve all information about employees who have more than 5 years of</div> <div>      service.  Display todays date along with their column  information. Produce</div> <div>      the same report but show todays date as 6 months from today.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 6.   Display all information about employees who are in SALES. If they have a </div> <div>      null commission, print out “NO COMM” in place of the NULL value.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE </I><I> <A NAME="chapter_5"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I> -  Chapter 5</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="14e28660.png" border=0 width="296" height="102" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> TOPIC OBJECTIVES</div> <bR> <div> This section introduces the Data Definition Language (DDL) component of SQL.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> When you finish this section, you will be able to:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Use Data Definition Language (DDL) to create:</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >      tables </FONT></div> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     synonyms</FONT></div> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     indexes</FONT></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Remove objects using the Drop statement</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Alter table objects and modify data attributes</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Base Tables</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> DDL Commands</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="150d2f50.png" border=0 width="466" height="245" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> CREATE TABLE</div> <div>                 INDEX</div> <div>                 VIEW</div> <div>            SYNONYM</div> <bR> <div> ALTER TABLE</div> <bR> <div> DROP TABLE</div> <div>             INDEX</div> <div>             VIEW</div> <div>       SYNONYM</div> <bR> <div> <I> LOGICAL DEFINITION - TABLES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="15141bc0.png" border=0 width="321" height="188" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>  Creating a Table</div> <bR> <div>              -  Composed of:</div> <div>                      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Table Name - Must be unique for each userid</div> <div>                      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Column Name(s) - Must be unique within a table</div> <div> <I>                     </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" ><I>·</I></FONT><I>Column Datatype</I></div> <div>                      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Column must indicate whether it allows <U>Nulls</U> or <U>Not </U></div> <div>                       <U> Null</U></div> <bR> <div>          EXAMPLE:</div> <bR> <div>           CREATE TABLE org</div> <div>           (deptno          number(4)          NOT NULL,</div> <div>            deptname          char(9)          NULL,</div> <div>            manager          number(3)          NOT NULL,</div> <div>            division          char(15)          NOT NULL,</div> <div>            location          char(20))          </div> <div> <I>CREATE TABLE MYSTAFF</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> (ID                                NUMBER (7)        NOT NULL   PRIMARY KEY,</div> <div> NAME                          CHAR (9)            DEFAULT `JOHN DOE',</div> <div> DEPT                           NUMBER(3)       DEFAULT 10,</div> <div> JOB                              CHAR(5),</div> <div> YEARS                         DATE,</div> <div> SALARY                       NUMBER (7,2),</div> <div> COMM                         NUMBER (6,2) )</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> For each column, specify:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Column name</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The data type</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Maximum length for char, varchar, and number</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">number of decimal places, (if data type) is number and decimals required</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Comma to separate from the next column description, if present</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Default keyword allows for a default value to be inserted if no value provided on an insert into the table.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">PRIMARY KEY establishes this column as NOT NULL automatically and creates a unique index on this column.</div> <bR> <div> NOTE:  NOT NULL will prohibit the entry of null value for the designated column</div> <div> <I>LOGICAL DEFINITION - SYSTEM DATATYPES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="152bc750.png" border=0 width="444" height="117" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="152bc750.png" border=0 width="444" height="117" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      </div> <div> Datatypes for Tables</div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>  System-supplied Datatypes</div> <div>              -  12 datatypes provided by ORACLE</div> <div>                 <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Character (char, nchar,varchar,nvarchar2,varchar2,long)</div> <div>                 <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Binary (raw,longraw,blob)</div> <div>                <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>Number (number(n,d))</div> <div>                 <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Date (date)</div> <div>                 <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Other (rowid,)</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>  User-Defined Datatypes</div> <div>                 <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Datatypes built by the user</div> <div>                 <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>Defined in terms of system-supplied datatypes</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Column Data Types</div> <div> <IMG SRC="1550f9b0.png" border=0 width="271" height="155" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>For character data</b></div> <div> CHAR(N) -      Use if all column values are the same length or use if column values are variable length but never more than 255 bytes</div> <bR> <div> VARCHAR2 - Variable length columns up to 2000 characters.</div> <bR> <div> Nchar & nvarchar2 - fixed or variable length used for large character sets</div> <bR> <div> <B>For numeric data</b></div> <div> NUMBER(n)         -     By default up to 38 digits</div> <bR> <div> NUMBER(n, m) -      Can specify fixed number of decimal places.  May have up </div> <div>                to 105 significant digits</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>For scalar data</b></div> <div> DATE/TIME      -     7 byte field which can be converted to numeric or character </div> <div>                The default date format for input, output, and comparison is:</div> <bR> <div>                <B>DD-MON-YY  </b>OR   <B>30-DEC-96</b></div> <div>           </div> <div>                Valid dates must be between</div> <div>                January 1, 4712 BC</div> <div>                December 31, 4712 AD     </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>USER DEFINED DATATYPES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>      Adding User-Defined Datatypes</div> <bR> <div>           <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>  The TYPE statement is used to assign an ORACLE datatype</div> <div>                to a variable or a whole class of variables.</div> <bR> <div>              ORACLE>  create type <I><B>address_type</b></I> ( </div> <div>                     street          varchar2(40),</div> <div>                     city          varchar2(30),</div> <div>                     state          varchar2(2),</div> <div>                     zip_code     number(5));</div> <div>           ORACLE> table created</div> <div>           </div> <div>           CREATE TYPE EMPLOYEE_TYPE (</div> <div>                     name          varchar2(30),</div> <div>                     hire_date     date,</div> <div>                     address     <I><B>address_type</b></I>,</div> <div>                     member  procedure   give_raise);</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> These Oracle8 datatypes are created as part of the capabilities to help you</div> <div> standardize code and applications. The use of encapsulation principles allows</div> <div> you through defaults, check constraints, stored procedure & functions and user</div> <div> defined datatypes to place code with the actual data..</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>CREATING TABLE AND COLUMN CONSTRAINTS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="1579ed40.png" border=0 width="414" height="212" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     Oracle provides for table and column constraints called PRIMARY</b></div> <div> <B>     KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK and NOT NULL.  The following </b></div> <div> <B>     list provides a comparison of these constraints with other </b></div> <div> <B>     implementations.</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     </b><B><U>Constraints</U></b><B>               </b><B><U>Other Implementation</U></b></div> <div> <B>     NOT NULL               Alter table</b></div> <div> <B>     CHECK (Table Level)     Create TRIGGER or PL/SQL</b></div> <div> <B>     CHECK (column level)     PRO* Language</b></div> <div> <B>     UNIQUE               Create UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED index</b></div> <div> <B>     Primary Key               Create UNIQUE (CLUSTERED) index</b></div> <div> <B>     Foreign Key/Reference     Create TRIGGER or PL/SQL</b></div> <div> <B>     </b></div> <div> <B>     </b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="1588b080.png" border=0 width="139" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>CREATING DEFAULT CONSTRAINTS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="15ae0930.png" border=0 width="224" height="147" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     TASK:  Create a DEFAULT for the commission  column in the STAFF </b></div> <div> <B>     table.  The Default value is $50.00.</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>          Alter table STAFF</b></div> <div> <B>          modify comm DEFAULT 50.00;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  The DEFAULT is established for the column comm</b></div> <div> <B>                 in the STAFF table. </b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="15b8b080.png" border=0 width="139" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <div>      1.  Can be created at the column and/or table level</div> <div>      2.  Are automatically bound to the column in which it is defined, not to the datatype</div> <div> <I>CREATING CHECK CONSTRAINTS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     TASK: Create a CHECK CONSTRAINT     called loc_check1 which </b></div> <div> <B>     specifies the department locations for the loc column in the dept </b></div> <div> <B>     table</b></div> <div> <B>          </b></div> <div> <B>     SQL:</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>          ALTER TABLE dept</b></div> <div> <B>          ADD</b></div> <div> <B>          CONSTRAINT loc_check1</b></div> <div> <B>          CHECK (loc IN (`DALLAS', `HOUSTON', `LITTLE ROCK'));</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  The column loc must now conform to the CHECK </b></div> <div> <B>                 CONSTRAINT loc_check1</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:</b></div> <div> <B>          ALTER TABLE DEPT</b></div> <div> <B>          DROP CONSTRAINT loc_check1</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  Erases the CONSTRAINT from the database catalog.</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1588b080.png" border=0 width="139" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <div>      1.   Can only be dropped by the owner</div> <div>      2.   Cannot contain subqueries</div> <div> <I>CREATING UNIQUE CONSTRAINTS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     TASK: Create an index on the department name column (deptname) </b></div> <div> <B>            in the org table using the UNIQUE constraint called </b></div> <div> <B>            unq_dname to ensure that no department has a duplicate </b></div> <div> <B>            name</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>          ALTER TABLE ORG</b></div> <div> <B>           ADD CONSTRAINT UNQ_DNAME</b></div> <div> <B>           UNIQUE (DEPTNAME)</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  The column name cannot have two rows with the same </b></div> <div> <B>                 index value. This UNIQUE command creates a unique </b></div> <div> <B>                 index which prevents redundant index values from </b></div> <div> <B>                 occurring.</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:     ALTER TABLE ORG</b></div> <div> <B>          DROP CONSTRAINT unq_dname</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  Erases the CONSTRAINT from the database catalog.</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="15d8b080.png" border=0 width="139" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <div>      1.   ARE enforced through the creation of a UNIQUE clustered or nonclustered index</div> <div>            on the specified column(s)</div> <div>      2.   Multiple UNIQUE constraints can be placed on a table</div> <div>      3.  The default is for a nonclustered index to be created unless an index type is </div> <div>            specified.</div> <div>      4.  If an INSERT or UPDATE violates the UNIQUE requirement of this index, a </div> <div>           constraint violation message is received rather than a general index insert error </div> <div>           message.</div> <div> <I>CREATING REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     TASK: Create the PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT for the ORG table </b></div> <div> <B>            called PK_ORG_DEPT.  The Index that is created should be a </b></div> <div> <B>            unique index.</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>           CREATE TABLE ORG</b></div> <div> <B>           (DEPTNUMB                                NUMBER(2)</b></div> <div> <B>           CONSTRAINT pk_org_dept      PRIMARY KEY, </b></div> <div> <B>           DEPTNAME                                 CHAR(14),</b></div> <div> <B>            MANAGER                                   NUMBER(4),</b></div> <div> <B>           DIVISION                                       CHAR(9),</b></div> <div> <B>            LOCATION                                   CHAR(15))</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  The column deptnumb uniquely identifies a row and the </b></div> <div> <B>                 PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT automatically creates a</b></div> <div> <B>                 UNIQUE index for that column preventing duplicate key </b></div> <div> <B>                 values. </b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:     ALTER TABLE ORG</b></div> <div> <B>          DROP CONSTRAINT pk_org_dept</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  Erases the CONSTRAINT from the database catalog.</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="15e8b080.png" border=0 width="139" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <div>      1.   Can specify  CLUSTERED or HASH indexes</div> <div>      2    Column must be NOT NULL</div> <div>      3.  Only one PRIMARY KEY declaration per table but it may contain multiple </div> <div>           columns.</div> <div>      4.  Can only add a primary key to an existing column if the table does not have</div> <div>           have any rows.</div> <div>        </div> <div> <I>CREATING REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     TASK: Create the FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT for the STAFF table </b></div> <div> <B>            called FK_STAFF_DEPT.  </b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>          ALTER TABLE STAFF</b></div> <div> <B>          ADD</b></div> <div> <B>          CONSTRAINT fk_staff_dept</b></div> <div> <B>           FOREIGN KEY (dept)</b></div> <div> <B>          REFERENCES org</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  The column dept identifies the row for the FOREIGN</b></div> <div> <B>                 KEY CONSTRAINT. The FOREIGN KEY reference allows</b></div> <div> <B>                 multiple occurrences of the key in the foreign key table. </b></div> <div> <B>                 The REFERENCES Constraint only references tables in the </b></div> <div> <B>                 same databases.  The PRIMARY KEY must already exist or </b></div> <div> <B>                 a UNIQUE constraint (Secondary relationships) must be </b></div> <div> <B>                 established. The FOREIGN KEY option does not create an </b></div> <div> <B>                 index </b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:</b></div> <div> <B>          DROP CONSTRAINT fk_staff_dept</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     RESULT:  Erases the CONSTRAINT from the database catalog.</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="15f8b080.png" border=0 width="139" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <div>      1.  Primary and Foreign Key domains must match in type and number of columns</div> <div>      2.  You may also disable or enable <I><B>any constraints defined</b></I> via:</div> <bR> <div>           ALTER TABLE STAFF</div> <div>           DISABLE CONSTRAINT FK_STAFF_DEPT       </div> <div>      OR</div> <div>           ALTER TABLE STAFF</div> <div>           ENABLE CONSTRAINT FK_STAFF-DEPT</div> <bR> <div> <I>INDEXES</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>NON-UNIQUE INDEXES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>      TASK:        Create an  Index so that ORACLE can retrieve data</b></div> <div> <B>               based upon an Index search versus a table scan</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>      SQL:</b></div> <div> <B>               CREATE INDEX xname</b></div> <div> <B>               ON STAFF (name)</b></div> <div> <B>     RESULT:      Index xname is built with the key field of NAME.</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> The Data Dictionary Views which provide the user with index information are:</div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     USER_INDEXES</div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     DBA_INDEXES</div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     ALL_INDEXES</div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     USER_IND_COLUMNS</div> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A general guideline is to create an index on anything you want to search frequently.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Primary keys should always be indexed uniquely.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Foreign keys should also be indexed, to help you find the information they point to more efficiently.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In the case of joins , the system can perform the join much faster if the columns are sorted.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Must be the table owner in order to create or have Index privilege on table .</div> <div> UNIQUE INDEXES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>          TASK:  Create a unique index on the primary key field           </b></div> <div> <B>               DEPTNUMB of the ORG table</b></div> <div> <B>          SQL:</b></div> <div> <B>               CREATE UNIQUE INDEX XORG</b></div> <div> <B>               ON ORG (DEPTNUMB)</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>          RESULT: Index XORG is created which will not allow duplicate    </b></div> <div> <B>                      Department numbers in the ORG table. </b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> To allocate more space to an index when high activity is expected:</div> <bR> <div> ALTER INDEX XORG </div> <div>    ALLOCATE EXTENT (SIZE 20M </div> <div>    DATAFILE `C:\ORANT\NEWXORG.DBF');</div> <bR> <div> To deallocate space not used above the high water mark:</div> <bR> <div> ALTER INDEX XORG</div> <div>   DEALLOCATE UNUSED;</div> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <div>      1.  Enforces uniqueness of Rows</div> <div>      2.  Speeds Joins (Referential checks)</div> <div>      3.  Speeds Data Retrieval</div> <div>      4.  Speeds ORDER BY and GROUP BY</div> <bR> <div> COMPOSITe INDEXES</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     TASK:     Create an index on name and department on the           </b></div> <div> <B>               STAFF table</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SQL:</b></div> <div> <B>          CREATE INDEX xstaff_dept</b></div> <div> <B>          ON STAFF (NAME,DEPT)</b></div> <div> <B>     RESULT:  Index xstaff_dept  is created which will allow</b></div> <div> <B>      duplicate name  and dept columns in the STAFF table. </b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A composite index specifies two or more columns as the index</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Composite columns are searched as a unit</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Column order in the CREATE INDEX statement doesn't have to match column order in the CREATE TABLE statement</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">May create either a unique, non-unique or even a clustered index using a composite index.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Allow certain queries to be satisfied by examining only the index </div> <div>      blocks for those columns making up the concatenated index</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Sometimes allow two columns with low selectivity to be combined </div> <div>      to form a concatenated index with high selectivity</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">May be used by a query when the query utilizes the leading </div> <div>       portions of the concatenated index.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">May not be used by a query when the first column(s) of the </div> <div>       concatenated index is (are) not used in the query</div> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >    If more than one column is used frequently, place the MOST </FONT></div> <div>       SELECTIVE column first. (Can have up  to 16 columns)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>CONCATENATED INDEXES CONTINUED</I></div> <div> Create index staff_id on staff (id,name) NOLOGGING</div> <div> tablespace pers_indx</div> <div> <I><IMG SRC="16043280.png" border=0 width="323" height="296" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <bR> <div> Indexes are used to satisfy the following queries since they reference the leading edge of the index.</div> <bR> <div>      select * from staff where id =50;</div> <div>      select * from staff where name like `V%' and id between 50 and 100;</div> <bR> <div> It is possible to produce a query, which does not even look at the actual base table.</div> <bR> <div> <I>     select  id,name from staff where name = `SMITH' and id > 300;</I></div> <bR> <div>      (Here the columns selected are all in the actual index data blocks)</div> <bR> <div> The index is NOT used if id does NOT reference the leading column of the index.</div> <bR> <div> <I>     select * from staff where name like `V%'</I></div> <div> <I>REBUILDING INDEXES</I></div> <div> <I><IMG SRC="161b0820.png" border=0 width="176" height="130" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <div> Use the ALTER INDEX command to:</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     Move an index to another tablespace</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     Improve space utilization by removing deleted entries</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     Change a reverse key index to a normal B-tree index and vice versa</div> <bR> <div> ALTER INDEX XORG REBUILD TABLESPACE NEWINDEX;</div> <bR> <div> NOTE:  Index rebuilds create the new index by using existing indexes as the data </div> <div> Source Sorts are not required with the rebuild making them more efficient. The old</div> <div> Index is deleted after the new index is built. The resulting index does not contain any</div> <div> Deleted entries.</div> <bR> <div> <I>BITMAP INDEXES</I></div> <div> <I><IMG SRC="16238f20.png" border=0 width="824" height="498" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <div> <I>Bitmap Indexes are used for:</I></div> <div> <I>     </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Symbol" ><I>·</I></FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><I>     Used for Low-cardinality columns</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>     </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Symbol" ><I>·</I></FONT><I>     Good for multiple predicates</I></div> <div> <I>     </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Symbol" ><I>·</I></FONT><I>     Use minimal storage space</I></div> <div> <I>     </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Symbol" ><I>·</I></FONT><I>     Best for read-only systems</I></div> <div> <I>     </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Symbol" ><I>·</I></FONT><I>     Good for very large tables</I></div> <div> <I>CREATING AND MAINTAINING BITMAP INDEXES</I></div> <div> <I><IMG SRC="163c29b0.png" border=0 width="194" height="155" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <bR> <div> <I>CREATE BITMAP INDEX INV_BIKE_COLOR</I></div> <div> <I>ON  INVENTORY (COLOR) </I></div> <div> <I>STORAGE (INITIAL 200K  NEXT 200K </I></div> <div> <I>PCTINCREASE 0)  TABLESPACE ORASERVE;</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">CREATE_BITMAP_AREA_SIZE defines the amount of memory for an</I></div> <div> <I>      index creation. The default is 8mb. The higher the cardinality the more</I></div> <div> <I>      memory you will need.</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">BITMAP_MERGE_AREA_SIZE defines the amount of memory used</I></div> <div> <I>      to merge bitmaps retrieved from a range scan of an index. The default</I></div> <div> <I>      is 1 MB. </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>In a DSS environment, data is usually maintained by using bulk inserts and </I></div> <div> <I>updates. Index maintenance is deferred until the end of each DML operation.</I></div> <div> <I>For example, if you insert 1,000 rows into a table that has a bitmapped index,</I></div> <div> <I>the bitmapped column information and the ROWID information from the inserted</I></div> <div> <I>rows are placed into the reference to the sort buffer, and then the updates of all</I></div> <div> <I>1,000 index entries are batched.  The SORT_AREA_SIZE parameter will need</I></div> <div> <I>to be monitored when using these indexes.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I> </I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG SRC="16497730.png" border=0 width="663" height="371" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Bitmap indexes should be investigated and tested for Data Warehousing applications, Financials and all low-cardinality accesses to tables where the</div> <div> predicates are not widely dispersed.</div> <bR> <div> <I>CREATING REVERSE KEY INDEXES</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG SRC="16578440.png" border=0 width="376" height="324" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <div> <I>Create unique index po_no_idx on puorder (po_no)</I></div> <div> <I>REVERSE pctfree 30   </I></div> <div> <I>storage (initial 400k  next 400k   pctincrease 0)</I></div> <div> <I> tablespace jerindx.</I></div> <bR> <div> Creating a reverse key index reverses the bytes of each column key value, keeping the column order in case of a composite key.</div> <bR> <div> Use a Reverse key index when an ever-increasing key will repetitively degrade</div> <div> the index height level and cause the HOT SPOT syndrome.</div> <div> <I>INDEX-ORGANIZED TABLES</I></div> <div> <I><IMG SRC="16682490.png" border=0 width="642" height="329" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Index contains both the primary key and other column values</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">No duplication of the values for the primary key column (less storage)</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Faster key-based access for queries involving exact matches or range</I></div> <div> <I>      searches or both.</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f099660001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Logical Rowid used instead of a physical ROWID. Access to this value is </I></div> <div> <I>      through a UROWID. </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>CREATING INDEX-ORGANIZED TABLES</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1670ded0.png" border=0 width="269" height="237" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <I>CREATE TABLE SALES</I></div> <div> <I>(OFFICE_ID          NUMBER(3) NOT NULL,</I></div> <div> <I>  QTR_END          DATE,</I></div> <div> <I>  REVENUE          NUMBER(11,2),</I></div> <div> <I>  REVIEW               VARCHAR2(200)</I></div> <div> <I>   CONSTRAINT  SALES_PK PRIMARY KEY (OFFICE_ID,QTR_END)</I></div> <div> )</div> <div> ORGANIZATION INDEX TABLESPACE JERINDX</div> <div> PCTTHRESHOLD  20</div> <div> INCLUDING REVENUE</div> <div> <B>OVERFLOW TABLESPACE USER_DATA;</b></div> <bR> <div> IOT-TABLES store as many rows in a leaf page as PCTTHRESHOLD limit </div> <div> will allow.  The IOT-Table will store the most frequently used columns with</div> <div> the primary key value. Non key column values that are not used frequently</div> <div> are kept in the overflow tablespace. This is called the overflow area.</div> <div> <I>IOT ROW-OVERFLOW STRATEGY</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="16803f30.png" border=0 width="515" height="243" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>    </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">PCTTHRESHOLD Clause</div> <div>  This clause specifies the percentage of space reserved in the index for an</div> <div>   index organized table row. If a row exceeds the size calculated based upon</div> <div>   this value, all columns after the column named in the INCLUDING clause are</div> <div>   moved to the overflow segment. If OVERFLOW is not specified the  rows</div> <div>        exceeding the threshold are rejected. The default PCTTHRESHOLD = 50.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">INCLUDING Clause</div> <div>         This clause specifies a column to be placed into the IOT Table and all other</div> <div>          row columns to be placed in overflow. Oracle accommodates all non-key</div> <div>         columns up to the column specified in the INCLUDING clause in the LEAF</div> <div>         block provided it does not exceed the specified threshold.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">OVERFLOW Clause  and Segment</div> <div>          This clause specifies the non-key columns exceeding the specified </div> <div>          THRESHOLD and are subsequently placed in the OVERFLOW segment.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>INDEX BEFORE OR AFTER LOADING DATA</I></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="16a7dcf0.png" border=0 width="381" height="207" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> Issues to consider when creating indexes and loading data:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000001.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">      Indexes slow down data loading</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Usually more efficient to index data after loading it</FONT></div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" >·</FONT>     The sort area may not be large enough for extremely large tables</div> <bR> <div> Consider using the NOSORT option if data has been loaded in ascending key order:</div> <bR> <div>      ORACLE>     CREATE INDEX BIG_BIGNO ON BIG(BIGNO) NOSORT</div> <div>                TABLESPACE  BIG_INDEX</div> <bR> <div> INDEXES</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> EXERCISES:</div> <bR> <div> 1.  What are the advantages of using indexes?</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 2.  When would you create a unique index?  What does it enforce?</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 3.  What is the difference between a clustered index and nonclustered index?                 </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>  4.   When is a clustered index advantageous?</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 5.  Why would you create a composite index?</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Adding a column to an existing TABLE</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="16b06150.png" border=0 width="262" height="277" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div>  ALTER TABLE STAFF </div> <div>  ADD AGE NUMBER(3);</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Column name AGE is added at the end of the STAFF</div> <bR> <div> Initial value for all rows is null (thus, you cannot specify not null in the alter statement</div> <bR> <div> Columns can also have their datatype lengths modified.</div> <bR> <div> ALTER TABLE STAFF</div> <div> MODIFY DEPT NUMBER(4);</div> <div> Synonyms</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="16cb32f0.png" border=0 width="435" height="303" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Create synonym AV8b for Harrier;</div> <div> Create synonym NC8801 for Harrier;</div> <div> Create synonym jumpjet for Harrier</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> A synonym is an alternative name for a table (Base or View)</div> <bR> <div> In the example, the table Harrier can now be referred to as an AV8b  for the soldier, or a jumpjet to a designer of aircraft, or as NC8801 for  aircraft technician who need to work on a particular craft. Each customer has their own name for the aircraft which is easily identifiable by each.</div> <bR> <div> SELECT * FROM jumpjet</div> <bR> <bR> <div> The name jumpjet is completely private and local to the user issuing the create statement</div> <div> Deleting Catalog Items</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="16d5a5a0.png" border=0 width="90" height="90" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> DROP TABLE CUSTOMER</div> <div> DROP VIEW SALSDAT</div> <div> DROP SYNONYM MYSTAFF</div> <div> DROP INDEX XSTAFF</div> <bR> <bR> <div> When a table is dropped:</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">All data in the table is gone</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">All associated views and indexes are also dropped</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">All table authorizations are dropped</div> <bR> <div> Views</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A view is a virtual table.  No data is actually stored for a view</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The data represented by a view is actually stored in one or more base tables</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The view definition (what it contains) is stored in the catalog</div> <bR> <div> Base Table Employee</div> <bR> <bR> <div>                                            </div> <div>                <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>ID          NAME               YEARS     SALARY</b></FONT></div> <div> <B>                     ----          -----------------          ------------     --------------</b></div> <div> <B>                </b><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >10          SANDERS                7       18357.50</FONT></div> <div>                 20          PERNAL                8       18171.25</div> <div>                 30          MARENGHI                5       17506.75</div> <div>                 40          O'BRIEN                6       18006.00</div> <div>                 50          HANES                    10       20659.80</div> <div>                 60          QUIGLEY                 -       16808.30</div> <div>                 70          ROTHMAN                 7       16502.83</div> <div>                 80          JAMES                      -       13504.60</div> <div>                 90          KOONTZ                 6       18001.75</div> <div>                100          PLOTZ                      7       18352.80</div> <div>                110          NGAN                      5       12508.20</div> <div>                120          NAUGHTON                 -       12954.75</div> <div>                130          YAMAGUCHI                 6       10505.75</div> <div>                140          FRAYE                      6       21250.00</div> <div>                150          WILLIAMS                 6       19456.50</div> <div>                160          MOLINARE                 7       22959.20</div> <div>                170          KERMISCH                 4       12258.50</div> <bR> <div>      </div> <bR> <div>                                               </div> <div> <B>View Table Persemp</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div>                <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>ID          NAME                     SALARY</b></FONT></div> <div> <B>                     ----          -----------------               --------------</b></div> <div> <B>                </b><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >10          SANDERS           18357.50</FONT></div> <div>                 20          PERNAL           18171.25</div> <div>                 30          MARENGHI           17506.75</div> <div>                 40          O'BRIEN           18006.00</div> <div>                110          NGAN                12508.20</div> <div>                120          NAUGHTON           12954.75</div> <div>                130          YAMAGUCHI           10505.75</div> <div>                140          FRAYE                21250.00</div> <div>                150          WILLIAMS           19456.50</div> <div>                160          MOLINARE           22959.20</div> <div>                170          KERMISCH           12258.50</div> <bR> <div> Create View SQL</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> CREATE VIEW PERSEMP AS</div> <div> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY</div> <div> FROM EMPLOYEE</div> <div> WHERE NOT ID BETWEEN 50 AND 100</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTE:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The select statement is not actually executed but stored in the catalog as part of the view definition</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Any table that can be obtained via the select statement can also be defined as a view (excluding union and order by)</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">View definition may reflect a join</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">User may issue queries against a view table just like a base table:</div> <bR> <div>           SELECT ID, NAME</div> <div>           FROM PERSEMP</div> <div>           WHERE SALARY >15000</div> <div> Column Names</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> CREATE VIEW DEPTSAL (DEPARTMENT, AVGSAL)</div> <div> AS SELECT DEPT, AVG(SALARY)</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> GROUP BY DEPT</div> <div> HAVING COUNT (*)>4</div> <bR> <div> <B>QUERY:</b></div> <bR> <div> SELECT * FROM DEPTSAL</div> <bR> <div> RESULT:</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTE:</div> <bR> <div> Column names may be specified for the view and must be if any selected column is:</div> <bR> <div> 1) A built in function</div> <bR> <div> 2) An arithmetic expression or constant</div> <bR> <div> 3) Named the same as another column in a table</div> <bR> <div> JOIN views</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> CREATE VIEW DEPT2</div> <div> AS SELECT DEPTNUMB, MANAGER, NAME</div> <div> FROM ORG, STAFF</div> <div> WHERE MANAGER = ID</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>QUERY:</b></div> <bR> <div> SELECT * FROM DEPT2</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>RESULT:</b></div> <div> Views of Views</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> CREATE VIEW PERSEMP2</div> <div> AS SELECT NAME, DEPT, SALARY</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <bR> <bR> <div> CREATE VIEW DEPTSAL (DEPARTMENT, AVGSAL)</div> <div> AS SELECT DEPT, AVG(SALARY)</div> <div> FROM PERSEMP2</div> <div> GROUP BY DEPT</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Note: </div> <bR> <div> A view may even consist of a join between a base table and another view</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> View Retrieval Queries</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> View retrieval queries are converted into equivalent operations on the underlying base tables</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> CREATE VIEW PERSEMP3 (NAME, TOTEARN)</div> <div> AS SELECT NAME, SALARY + COMM</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE JOB= 'CLERK'</div> <bR> <div> ACTUAL QUERY:</div> <div> SELECT * FROM PERSEMP3</div> <div> WHERE TOTEARN > 18000</div> <bR> <div> CONVERTED TO:</div> <div> SELECT NAME, SALARY + COMM</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE JOB = 'CLERK'</div> <div> AND SALARY + COMM > 18000</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTE:  </div> <bR> <div> Do Not use a view field which represents a built in function in the where clause</div> <bR> <div> Ability to update views</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> In ORACLE, only row-and-column-subset views can be updated</div> <bR> <div> CREATE VIEW DEPTSAL (DEPT, AVGSAL)</div> <div> AS SELECT DEPT, AVG(SALARY)</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> GROUP BY DEPT</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> How would the following update be handled?</div> <bR> <div> UPDATE DEPTSAL</div> <div> SET AVGSAL = 15000</div> <div> WHERE DEPT = 38</div> <bR> <div> Update on a View</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Row-and-column-subset views may be updated just like a base table.  In fact,</div> <div> the converted SQL actually updates the base table.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> CREATE VIEW PERSEMP4 (ID, NAME, SAL)</div> <div> AS SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY</div> <div> FROM STAFF</div> <div> WHERE DEPT = 38</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Actual SQL:</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> UPDATE PERSEMP4</div> <div> SET SAL = SAL * 1.15</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Converted to:</b></div> <bR> <div> UPDATE STAFF</div> <div> SET SALARY = SALARY * 1.15</div> <div> WHERE DEPT = 38</div> <bR> <div> Lab 6 - MORE ABOUT CREATING TABLES AND INDEXES</div> <div> <IMG SRC="16fab5d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="93" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Create 7 tables in the appropriate tablespace.  The seven tables are called:  PRESIDENT, ELECTION, ADMIN_PR_VP, ADMINISTRATION,  PRES_HOBBY, PRES_MARRIAGE, STATE.  See pres.sql.  The specs for these tables can be found on subsequent pages of this lab.  Remember to check the sample against the specs to make sure they match up..)</div> <bR> <div> Table Specifications:</div> <bR> <div> We want to collect these items of data about presidents of the United States into these tables:</div> <div>                                                                 NULLS</div> <div> ITEM                               TYPE          LENGTH          ALLOWED</div> <div> ================================================================</div> <div> PRESIDENT NAME                    CHAR          20               NO</div> <div> YEAR BORN                         SMALLINT                    NO</div> <div> NUMBER YEARS     SERVED          SMALLINT                    NO</div> <div> AGE AT DEATH                    SMALLINT                    YES</div> <div> PARTY                         CHAR          20               NO</div> <div> STATE BORN                    CHAR          20               NO</div> <div> STATE                         CHAR          20               NO</div> <div> YEAR STATE ENTERED U.S.          SMALLINT                    NO</div> <div> ADMINISTRATION STATE ENTERED     SMALLINT                    YES</div> <div> ADMINISTRATION NUMBER          SMALLINT                    NO</div> <div> YEAR INAUGURATED               SMALLINT                    NO</div> <div> VICE-PRESIDENT NAME               CHAR          20               NO</div> <div> PRESIDENT'S HOBBIES               CHAR          20               YES</div> <div> PRESIDENT'S SPOUSE               CHAR          20               YES</div> <div> YEAR MARRIED                    SMALLINT                    YES</div> <div> PRESIDENT'S AGE AT MARRIAGE     SMALLINT                    YES</div> <div> SPOUSE'S AGE AT MARRIAGE          SMALLINT                    YES</div> <div> NUMBER OF CHILDREN               SMALLINT                    YES</div> <div> ELECTION YEAR                    SMALLINT                    NO</div> <div> CANDIDATE                         CHAR          20               NO</div> <div> VOTES                         SMALLINT                    NO</div> <div> WINNER/LOSER INDICATOR          CHAR          1               NO</div> <bR> <div> Lab 6 - MORE ABOUT CREATING TABLES AND INDEXES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="170ab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> TABLE COLUMN NAMES AND RELATIONSHIPS</div> <bR> <div>      The logical data base design process suggest tables with the following</div> <div>      columns:</div> <bR> <div>      <U>PRESIDENT:</U></div> <bR> <div>      pres_name, birth_yr, yrs_serv,death_age,party,state_born</div> <bR> <div>      <U>ADMINISTRATION:</U></div> <bR> <div>      admin_nr, pres_name,year_inaugurated</div> <bR> <div>      <U>ADMIN_PR_VP:</U></div> <bR> <div>      admin_nr, pres_name, vice_pres_name</div> <bR> <div>      <U>STATE:</U></div> <bR> <div>      state, admin_entered,year_entered</div> <bR> <div>      <U>PRES_HOBBY:</U></div> <bR> <div>      pres_name,hobby</div> <bR> <div>      <U>PRES_MARRIAGE</U></div> <bR> <div>      pres_name,spouse_name,pr_age,sp_age,nr_children,mar_year</div> <bR> <div>      <U>ELECTION:</U></div> <div>      election_year,candidate,votes,winner_loser_indic</div> <bR> <div> Lab 6 - MORE ABOUT CREATING TABLES AND INDEXES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="171ab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> PRESIDENT TABLE QUERIES</div> <bR> <div> Insert your name into the PRESIDENT table. Execute uinsert.SQL to load the tables. No changes are needed to these inserts. See:   uinsert.SQL.</div> <bR> <div> Execute 'SELECT' statements to verify the data exists in each of your tables.</div> <bR> <div> List the president's name, year born, year married, and spouse's name of all married presidents.</div> <bR> <div> Show the average votes received by winning candidates.</div> <bR> <div> Join PRESIDENT and PRES_HOBBY on PRES_NAME.</div> <bR> <div> Add data to the ELECTION table for the 1984 election. Ronald Reagan received 525 electoral votes.</div> <bR> <div> Create a single list  (without duplicates) of all the names of all individuals mentioned in the lab tables.  Present the output in name order.  (use a union).</div> <bR> <div> Change all occurrences of 'Republican' to 'Conservative'.</div> <bR> <div> Create a SPOUSE table that contains spouse name and marriage year.  Load it from the PRES_Marriage table.</div> <bR> <div> California has fallen into the Pacific.  Delete it from the STATE table.</div> <bR> <div> How many candidates have their been?</div> <bR> <div> Lab 6 - MORE ABOUT CREATING TABLES AND INDEXES</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="172ab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> 12.  Add a column to the STATE table for state flower.</div> <bR> <div> 13.  Create a table for flowers containing columns for flower name and color.  </div> <div>        Insert your own state flower data.</div> <bR> <div> 14.  Add a column for height in the FLOWER table.</div> <bR> <div> 15.  Delete the FLOWER table</div> <bR> <div> 16.  Which Presidents never won an election? (Use a subquery)</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Optional Queries:</b></div> <bR> <div> 1.  Summarize total votes by candidate without regard to election year.  Show in </div> <div>      descending total vote sequence.</div> <bR> <div> 2.  Add yourself  as a candidate in the election table, then using a complex </div> <div>      insert, add yourself to the PRESIDENT table as the next president adding    </div> <div>      appropriate values as needed using data (your name) from the election table.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>PL/SQL PROGRAMMING  -  </I><I> <A NAME="chapter_6"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I>Chapter 6</I></div> <div> <IMG SRC="1737eef0.png" border=0 width="638" height="495" ALT="Microsoft Clip Gallery" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>TOPIC OBJECTIVES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>This section covers how to use the PL/SQL language. PL\SQL allows for SQL statements to utilize a control-flow procedural language which provides enhanced</I></div> <div> <I>SQL manipulation capabilities. When you finish this section, you will be able to:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Recognize how and when to use PL/SQL statements within SQL*PLUS</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Understand the structured block constructs</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Identify control flow language constructs used by PL/SQL</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Write PL/SQL statements to retrieve multiple rows and/or columns from within SQL*PLUS</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Understand and define PL/SQL functions and routines</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Recognize and use PL/SQL triggers</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> OVERVIEW OF PL/SQL</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="174108f0.png" border=0 width="272" height="143" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> The PL/SQL TECHNOLOGY</div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Extends the standard SQL ANSI code.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Provides a procedural language capability beyond Data Manipulation Language </I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Brings to ORACLE high-performance capabilities:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     - Looping, branching and control flow language</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     - Structured block processing concepts</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     - Available across numerous platforms</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     - Interfaces with other ORACLE products</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     - integrated with SQL Dictionary</I></div> <div>      THE PL/SQL BLOCK STRUCTURE</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>PL/SQL is made up of three parts</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>                  DECLARATION (optional)</I></div> <div> <I>              Contains all variables, constants,</I></div> <div> <I>              cursors, and user-defined exceptions</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>                    EXECUTION</I></div> <div> <I>               Contains SQL & PL/SQL statements to</I></div> <div> <I>               manipulate data in the database</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>                     EXCEPTION (optional)</I></div> <div> <I>               Specifies the actions to perform when</I></div> <div> <I>               errors and/or abnormal conditions arise</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>          END;</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>NOTE:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>PL/SQL Blocks begin with the DECLARE statement and end with the END statement.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>PL/SQL is a block-structured language composed of procedures, functions, and anonymous blocks that make up a PL/SQL program.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Each logical block corresponds to a problem or subproblem to be solved.</I></div> <div> <I>PL/SQL CODE</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Sample program</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="176e0770.png" border=0 width="480" height="375" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> PL/SQL can be use within SQL, embedded SQL, or PL/SQL routines.</div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL is a technology and can be placed in ORACLE RDBMS or ORACLE application tools.</div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL only requires the executable part to run.</div> <bR> <div> You can nest sub-blocks in the executable and exception-handling parts of a PL/SQL block or subprogram but <U>NOT</U> the DECLARATIVE part.</div> <bR> <div> <B> </b></div> <div> PL/SQL IN THE ORACLE RDBMS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I> </I><I><B><IMG SRC="177c28a0.png" border=0 width="450" height="394" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></I></div> <bR> <div> <B>PL/SQL resides in two environments:</b></div> <bR> <div> <I>ORACLE RDBMS & ORACLE APPLICATION TOOLS (ORACLEForms, </I></div> <div> <I>Precompilers, SQL*DBA, SVRMGR, SQL*PLUS, and Oracle Reports)</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>PL/SQL supports all the SQL datatypes</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>You can use upper, lower, or mixed case to write identifiers. PL/SQL is not case sensitive except within string or character literals.</I></div> <div> <I>PL/SQL VARIABLES</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Two types of Variables</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="17838d40.png" border=0 width="568" height="468" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>NOTES:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Declare and initialize within the declaration section.</I></div> <div> <I>Assign new values to variables within the executable section.</I></div> <div> <I>Input values from the user environment with substitution parameters.</I></div> <div> <I>Can store and change values within a PL/SQL block</I></div> <bR> <div> DECLARING SCALAR VARIABLES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Examples in a DECLARE BLOCK</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>     DECLARE</I></div> <div> <I>     staff_count     BINARY_INTEGER :=0; --use for staff count</I></div> <div> <I>     staff_salary     NUMBER (11,2);      --used to store total salaries</I></div> <div> <I>     emp_gross     NUMBER (9,2) := 0; --used to compute employee gross</I></div> <div> <I>               </I></div> <div> <I>     new_name     VARCHAR2(25); --used to store new employee name</I></div> <div> <I>     job_status     CHAR(10); --stores new job status for updates</I></div> <div> <I>     </I></div> <div> <I>     company_name CONSTANT VARCHAR2 (17) := `URCOMPANY NAME';</I></div> <div> <I>     /*(this declares a constant for the company name which never </I></div> <div> <I>     changes throughout the PL/SQL block) */</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>                    </I></div> <div> <I>                    EXECUTION</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>                     EXCEPTION (optional)</I></div> <div> <I>               END;</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>    </I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>The above variables are declared to store numeric and alphanumeric data.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>The criteria for declaring identifiers is:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Name of the identifier</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Decide whether it is a variable or constant</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Decide the datatype of the identifier (scalar or composite)</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Determine if it will allow for nulls or have an initial value.</I></div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Identifiers cannot exceed 30 characters</I></div> <bR> <div> SCALAR VARIABLES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Declaring DATE and BOOLEAN variables</I></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="179d4bb0.png" border=0 width="468" height="187" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   DECLARE</I></div> <div> <I>   hire_date DATE := SYSDATE;  --Initialize hire date to today</I></div> <div> <I>   emp_date DATE := SYSDATE + 30; --Set employ date to 30 days from now.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>   years_emp POSITIVE; -- value must be greater than 0.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>   emp_retired BOOLEAN NOT NULL := FALSE; -- set flag to false (not retired)</I></div> <div> <I>   emp_name  VARCHAR2(20);</I></div> <div> <I>   wages       NUMBER(9,2);</I></div> <div> <I>   emp_id       NUMBER(4);</I></div> <div> <I>      </I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Declared variables are referenced within the executable section according to the scoping rules.</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>NOTE:</I></div> <div> <I>You can use SELECT or FETCH statements to have ORACLE assign values to a variable within an PL/SQL block.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Select name, salary INTO emp_name, wages from staff where id = emp_id;</I></div> <div> REFERENCING VARIABLES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Scoping Examples</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>    DECLARE</I></div> <div> <I>     </I></div> <div> <I>     vendor_name     VARCHAR(40) := `BCI  Inc.';</I></div> <div> <I>     vendor_status     VARCHAR(15) := `EXCELLENT';</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>    BEGIN     </I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>     DECLARE</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>           vendor_name     CHAR(30) := `MicroLynk Corp.';</I></div> <div> <I>          vendor_address     VARCHAR(35) := `111 Ocean Dr.';</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     BEGIN</I></div> <div> <I>     </I></div> <div> <I>     vendor_name     vendor_address          vendor_status</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     END;</I></div> <div> <I> </I></div> <div> <I>     vendor_name     vendor_address          vendor_status</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     END;          </I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>SCOPING RULES</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>An identifier is visible in the block in which it is declared all nested sub-blocks, procedures, and functions unless rule 2 applies.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>If an identifier declared in an enclosing block is re-declared in a sub-block, the original identifier declared in the enclosing block is no longer visible in the sub-block.  However, the newly declared identifier has the rules of scope defined in </I></div> <div> <I>rule 1.</I></div> <div> USING COMPOSITE VARIABLES</div> <bR> <div> <I>Declaring Records</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>/*  Using composite variables, create an employee record in the declare */</I></div> <div> <I>/*  section, initialize appropriate variables in the declare section */</I></div> <div> <I>/*  and select column values from the staff table and place these values */</I></div> <div> <I>/*  in the appropriate declared variables. */ -- SEE PL12.sql</I></div> <div> <I>declare</I></div> <div> <I>   TYPE employee_record_type is record</I></div> <div> <I>  ( first_name varchar2(10) not null := ' ',</I></div> <div> <I>   last_name   varchar2(15) not null := ' ',</I></div> <div> <I>   dept        number(4),</I></div> <div> <I>   age  number(3),</I></div> <div> <I>   salary  number(7,2),</I></div> <div> <I>   years_emp  number(2) := 0,</I></div> <div> <I>   comm    staff.comm%TYPE);</I></div> <div> <I>staff_record employee_record_type;</I></div> <div> <I>BEGIN</I></div> <div> <I> select name, dept,name,years,salary,years,comm</I></div> <div> <I> into staff_record.first_name,staff_record.dept,staff_record.last_name,</I></div> <div> <I> staff_record.age,staff_record.salary,staff_record.years_emp,</I></div> <div> <I> staff_record.comm from staff where id = 20;</I></div> <div> <I>END;</I></div> <div> <I>/</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>User defined records are declared in two steps</I></div> <div> <I>     - You define a RECORD type</I></div> <div> <I>     - You declare user-defined records of that type</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Notice that the field declarations are like variable declarations.  Each field has a unique name and specific datatype and can be initialized.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>** If a query returns more than one ROW with a select - AN ERROR OCCURS **</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Any field may be defined to have the NOT NULL constraint.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The %TYPE  attribute allows you to define a field using the same datatype as defined in a table.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>To reference individual fields in the record:   staff_record.first_name</I></div> <div> <I>PL/SQL RECORDS PROCESSING</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>                                                                                     </I></div> <div> <I>%ROWTYPE attribute</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Task:  declare a variable to store the same information about the organization</I></div> <div> <I>      as is currently stored in the ORG table.</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   DECLARE</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     org_record          org%ROWTYPE;</I></div> <div> <I>     BEGIN</I></div> <div> <I>         select DEPTNAME into ORG_RECORD.DEPTNAME from ORG</I></div> <div> <I>      WHERE DEPTNUMB = 10;</I></div> <div> <I>     END;</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>The %ROWTYPE variable allows you to declare the data  structure of a database table.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The columns in the table row and corresponding fields in the record will have the same names and datatypes.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899660000.png" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Provides a mechanism for storing data about tables where the underlying datatypes are unknown.</I></div> <div> ASSIGNING VALUES TO VARIABLES</div> <bR> <div> <I>ORACLE>ACCEPT local_id   PROMPT `ENTER EMPLOYEE ID'</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>   DECLARE</I></div> <div> <I>     max_salary               NUMBER(11,2) := 0;</I></div> <div> <I>     new_company_name     VARCHAR2(25);</I></div> <div> <I>     staff_record               staff%ROWTYPE;</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>    BEGIN</I></div> <div> <I>     /* set the maximum salary equal to the maximum salary in staff */</I></div> <div> <I>              select  max(salary) into max_salary from staff;</I></div> <div> <I>     /* set the new company name = to BCI LTD. */</I></div> <div> <I>                new_company_name := `BCI LTD.';</I></div> <div> <I>          /*  Store the basic information about a new employee within the</I></div> <div> <I>          staff_record record structure */ -- SEE PL14.sql</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>          staff_record.id           :=    &local_id; -- See NOTES below</I></div> <div> <I>          staff_record.name      :=   `Dave Stallman';</I></div> <div> <I>          staff_record.dept          :=    10;</I></div> <div> <I>          staff_record.job          :=   “MGR';</I></div> <div> <I>          staff_record.years     :=   15;</I></div> <div> <I>          staff_record.salary     :=    45000.00;</I></div> <div> <I>          staff_record.comm     :=    4000.00</I></div> <div> <I>     INSERT INTO STAFF(id,name,dept,,job,years,salary,comm)</I></div> <div> <I>       VALUES(staff_record.id,staff_record.name,staff_record.dept,</I></div> <div> <I>                 staff_record.job,staff_record.years,staff_record.salary,</I></div> <div> <I>                 staff_record.comm);</I></div> <div> <I>       END;</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Try the following values with pl14.sql</I></div> <div> <I>     staff_record.id   := 1090;        -- This is a literal value</I></div> <div> <I>     staff_record_id :=  &local       --  This is a substitution parameter</I></div> <div> <I>     staff_record_id =  &local_id    -- This is a local variable created by an ACCEPT</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>EXERCISE 1</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>TASK:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>·</I><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><I>     Create a PL/SQL block that adds a new department 77 into your      org table.     Input the department number, department name and </I></FONT></div> <div> <I>     location from your terminal using SQL*PLUS substitution </I></div> <div> <I>     parameters. The      values are:</I></div> <div> <I>          Department number = 77</I></div> <div> <I>          Department name = `CORPORATE'</I></div> <div> <I>          Department Location =  `SAN ANTONIO'</I></div> <div> <I>     (ADD OTHER VALUES FOR OTHER COLUMNS IN THE ORG </I></div> <div> <I>     TABLE AS DESIRED)</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>·</I><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><I>     Once inserted into the org table, select the row to view the data.</I></FONT></div> <bR> <div> <I>Don't forget that substitution parameters that are alphanumeric values should have</I></div> <div> <I>single quotes around them, i.e.  </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>department_name     org.deptname%type  := `&name';</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>See plsqlab1.sql</I></div> <bR> <div> DEFINING COMPOSITE VARIABLES - TABLES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Assigning values to a declared TABLE variable</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Task:   Look up bonus based upon amount of commission made by </I></div> <div> <I>      an employee and update the employee column “bonus”.</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   SQL>ACCEPT g_emp_id    PROMPT `ENTER EMPLOYEE ID'</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>   DECLARE</I></div> <div> <I>     TYPE bonus_table_type IS TABLE OF NUMBER(9,2)</I></div> <div> <I>     INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;</I></div> <div> <I>        g_emp_id      staff.id%type := &empid;</I></div> <div> <I>        bonus_tab      bonus_table_type;</I></div> <div> <I>   BEGIN</I></div> <div> <I>        /* bonus_tab is loaded with appropriate dollar amounts */</I></div> <div> <I>     FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP</I></div> <div> <I>      bonus_tab(I)  := &anumber + I;</I></div> <div> <I>     end loop;</I></div> <div> <I>     ....  Find an employees commission and based upon that</I></div> <div> <I>     you find an appropriate bonus value.</I></div> <div> <I>     …. Since we have not covered loops or if-then-else logic</I></div> <div> <I>…. - this is an incomplete example.  DO NOT PANIC we will</I></div> <div> <I>….  Cover all of these statements in the next pages. Anyway</I></div> <div> <I>…. After we find a proper bonus value we can update the</I></div> <div> <I>…. Employees bonus by doing the following update using</I></div> <div> <I>…. The plsql table we created earlier.</I></div> <div> <I>     UPDATE staff </I></div> <div> <I>          set bonus = bonus_tab (i)</I></div> <div> <I>             where id = g_emp_id;</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>NOTES:</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>When defining a PL/SQL table, you first define a table type, then declare PL/SQL tables of that type as indicated above. </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>The identifier bonus_tab represents an entire PL/SQL table of that type.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>The subscript may is any valid negative, zero, or positive value.</I></div> <bR> <div>     USING EXPRESSIONS AND OPERATORS  TO ASSIGN VALUES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Examples</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>   /* Increment the index for a loop */</I></div> <div> <I>     staff_count := staff_count + 1;</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   /*  Validate an existing employee id to ensure it has a value */</I></div> <div> <I>        v_valid := (g_emp_id IS NOT NULL);</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   /*  Convert employee name to upper case */</I></div> <div> <I>     emp_lastname := UPPER(emp_lastname);</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   /*  Set the delivery date to one month from the purchase of item */</I></div> <div> <I>     ship_date :=  order_date + 30;</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   /*  Set a flag to TRUE or FALSE based upon whether two numbers </I></div> <div> <I>       are equal</I></div> <div> <I>     v_flag := (v_gross = v_total);</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>NOTE:  </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Do not build PL/SQL expressions using SQL Group or Built-in functions such as SUM, AVG, or COUNT.</I></div> <bR> <div> DATATYPE CONVERSIONS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="17afa3a0.png" border=0 width="762" height="314" ALT="Microsoft Draw 98 Drawing" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>    /*  Concatenate the employee last name with employee first name)</I></div> <div> <I>     v_string := v_emp_lastname || v_emp_firstname;  </I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   /*  Add 99 ( a character string) to 100 ( a number);</I></div> <div> <I>     v_sum := `99' + 100;</I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>NOTE:  </I></div> <div> <I>When building assignments, PL/SQL will automatically convert expressions.</I></div> <div> INPUT AND OUTPUT VALUES FOR VARIABLES</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Accept and display a value according to the user environment.</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>   /*  Prompt user to input a monthly salary  into g_sal */</I></div> <div> <I>   SQL>ACCEPT  g_sal     PROMPT `ENTER MONTHLY SALARY'</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>   /*  Declare a SQL*PLUS global variable with the SQL*PLUS VARIABLE      command */</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>   SQL> VARIABLE g_year_sal NUMBER</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>    DECLARE </I></div> <div> <I>     /*  Within the PL/SQL block, embed the SQL*PLUS substitution</I></div> <div> <I>          parameter wherever it is needed as input, referencing it with</I></div> <div> <I>          the ampersand (&) prefix.  */</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>     emp_sal          NUMBER(9,2) := &g_sal; </I></div> <div> <I>     BEGIN       </I></div> <div> <I>     :g_year_sal := emp_sal * 12;</I></div> <div> <I>     ....</I></div> <div> <I>     ....</I></div> <div> <I>   END;</I></div> <div> <I>   /</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>    /*  Outside the PL/SQL block, print the output value on the screen with</I></div> <div> <I>     the SQL*PLUS PRINT command. */  </I></div> <div> <I>    SQL> PRINT g_year_sal   </I></div> <div> <I>          </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>NOTE:  </I></div> <bR> <div> <I>A colon : within a variable (:g_year_sal) tells PL/SQL to go look for the particular global variable outside of PL/SQL.</I></div> <div> <I>EXERCISE 2</I></div> <bR> <div> TASK:</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Create a PL/SQL block that computes the total compensation for </FONT></div> <div>      an employee based on salary, commission and a bonus which is </div> <div>      calculated as a percent of commission.. The total compensation is </div> <div>      calculated by taking the salary plus commission plus the </div> <div>      calculated bonus.  The bonus is calculated by multiplying </div> <div>      commission by 5 percent.  </div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Input the employee number from your terminal using      SQL*PLUS substitution parameter.  Using the employee number</FONT></div> <div>      select the current salary and commission from the staff table.               </div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Output the total compensation amount to your screen using a </FONT></div> <div>      SQL*PLUS global variable.</div> <bR> <div> See plsqlab2.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>RETRIEVING DATA</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Using the SELECT clause</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Task:  Retrieve the employee name and salary for the specified employee.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL>ACCEPT p_emp_id          PROMPT `ENTER EMPLOYEE ID'</b></div> <bR> <div> <B> DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_id          staff.id%TYPE :=&p_emp_id;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_name          staff.name%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_dept          staff.dept%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_salary          staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B> BEGIN</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SELECT dept,id,name,salary </b></div> <div> <B>            INTO  emp_dept,emp_id,emp_name,emp_salary</b></div> <div> <B>          FROM staff</b></div> <div> <B>          WHERE id = emp_id;</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B> END;</b></div> <div> <B> /</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <bR> <div> Make sure that the datatypes are compatible if declaring datatypes.</div> <bR> <div> Specify the same number of output variables in the INTO clause as database columns in the SELECT statement</div> <div> PL/SQL SELECT STATEMENTS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Examples:</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Compute the sum of the salaries of all employees in the specified</div> <div>      department. See PL20.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no          PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>   DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     dept_no          staff.dept%TYPE :=&p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>     sum_salary          staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     SELECT sum(salary)</b></div> <div> <B>                 INTO sum_salary</b></div> <div> <B>               FROM staff</b></div> <div> <B>              WHERE dept = dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>    END;</b></div> <div> <B>   /</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTES:</div> <bR> <div> When using PL/SQL SELECT statements, you must retrieve exactly one row; otherwise, an exception error is raised.</div> <bR> <div> Alternatively, fetch multiple rows one by one in a loop by declaring an explicit cursor.</div> <bR> <div> Typical SELECT exception codes are:  </div> <div>      -1422 = TOO_MANY_ROWS</div> <div>      +1403 = NO_DATA_FOUND</div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL INSERT STATEMENTS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Manipulating Data</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Add a new employee to the staff table for a specified department. See PL21.sql.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   SQL>ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NUMBER:'</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>    DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_id          staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_name          staff.name%TYPE := `JOHN SULL';</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_dept          staff.dept%TYPE := &p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_job          staff.job%TYPE := `PROG';</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_years          staff.years%TYPE := 0;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_salary          staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_comm          staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     SELECT max(id) INTO emp_id from staff;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_id := emp_id + 1;</b></div> <div> <B>     INSERT INTO staff (id,name,dept,job,years,salary,comm)</b></div> <div> <B>     VALUES(emp_id,emp_name,emp_dept,emp_job,emp_years,</b></div> <div> <B>               emp_salary,emp_comm); </b></div> <div> <B>     COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> PL/SQL allows you to insert from a PL/SQL record into a database row</div> <div> field by field or specify values through input from PRO*C, SQL*PLUS, or</div> <div> other ORACLE environments.</div> <div> PL/SQL UPDATE PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Example</div> <bR> <div> Task: Change/update the salary for an employee in the staff table and</div> <div>      calculate their commission as 5% of their salary. See PL22.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   SQL> ACCEPT p_emp_id     PROMPT `ENTER EMPLOYEE ID'</b></div> <div> <B>   SQL> ACCEPT  p_salary       PROMPT `ENTER THE NEW SALARY'</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>   DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_id          staff.id%TYPE := &p_emp_id;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_salary          staff.salary%TYPE := &p_salary;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_comm          staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     UPDATE staff</b></div> <div> <B>        SET salary = emp_salary, comm = (salary * .05)</b></div> <div> <B>        WHERE id = emp_id;</b></div> <div> <B>       COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <div> <I>          EXERCISE 3</I></div> <bR> <div> TASK:</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Create a PL/SQL block that updates the location of department </FONT></div> <div>      number 10      to HOUSTON in the org table.</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Input the department number, and location from your terminal</FONT></div> <div>      using SQL*PLUS substitution parameters.</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     After the update, select the row from the org table. </FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div> See plsqlab3.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> PL/SQL DELETE PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Example</div> <bR> <div> Task: Delete the specified employee. See PL23.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   SQL> ACCEPT p_emp_id     PROMPT `ENTER EMPLOYEE ID'</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>   DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_id          staff.id%TYPE := &p_emp_id;</b></div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     DELETE FROM staff</b></div> <div> <B>        WHERE id = emp_id;</b></div> <div> <B>       COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <div> <I>   /EXERCISE 4</I></div> <bR> <div> TASK:</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Create a PL/SQL block that deletes employee number 300 in the </FONT></div> <div>      staff table</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Input the employee number from SQL*PLUS.</FONT></div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     After the delete, make sure the row is gone from the staff table. </FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>See plsqlab4.sql</b></div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL CONTROL STRUCTURES</div> <bR> <div> <B>IF-THEN-ELSE</b></div> <bR> <div> Task: Set the bonus for a specified employee based upon the following</div> <div> commission scale: See PL24.sql</div> <div> <U>     commission                bonus     = % of commissions           </U></div> <div>      >= 500.01               10%</div> <div>      < 500.01 >= 400.00            8%</div> <div>      < 400.01 >= 300.00            6%</div> <div>      < 300.01 >= 200.00            4%</div> <div>      < 200.01 >= 100.00            2%</div> <div>      < 100.01 >=     0.00            0%</div> <bR> <div> <B>    SQL>ACCEPT g_emp_id     PROMPT `ENTER EMPLOYEE ID'</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>    DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     bonus          staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>         commission          staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     emp_id          staff.id%TYPE := &g_emp_id; </b></div> <div> <B>     bonus_amt          number(5,2);  </b></div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     select comm INTO commission</b></div> <div> <B>        FROM staff</b></div> <div> <B>        where id = emp_id;     </b></div> <div> <B>     IF (commission >-1 and commission < 100.01)</b></div> <div> <B>           THEN bonus_amt := 0;</b></div> <div> <B>     ELSIF (commission >= 100.01 and  commission < 200.01)</b></div> <div> <B>           THEN bonus_amt := .02 * commission;</b></div> <div> <B>     ELSIF (commission >= 200.01 and commission < 300.01)</b></div> <div> <B>           THEN bonus_amt := .04 * commission;</b></div> <div> <B>     ELSIF (commission >= 300.01 and commission < 400.01)</b></div> <div> <B>           THEN bonus_amt := .06 * commission;</b></div> <div> <B>     ELSIF (commission >= 400.01 and commission < 500.01)</b></div> <div> <B>           THEN bonus_amt := .08 * commission;</b></div> <div> <B>     ELSE </b></div> <div> <B>          bonus_amt := .10 * commission;</b></div> <div> <B>     END IF;</b></div> <div> <B>     UPDATE staff</b></div> <div> <B>       set bonus = bonus_amt</b></div> <div> <B>       WHERE id = emp_id;</b></div> <div> <B>     COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <div> <I>   EXERCISE 5</I></div> <bR> <div> TASK:</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Create a PL/SQL block that will increase an employee's salary </FONT></div> <div>      (employee      number 60 in the staff table) based upon their current </div> <div>      salary as listed below:</div> <bR> <div>           If salary < $10,000.00 increase it by 10%.</div> <div>           </div> <div>           If salary is between $10,000.01 and $15,000.00 increase </div> <div>           their salary      by 7%.</div> <bR> <div>           If salary > $15,000.00 increase salary by 5%.</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Input the employee number from your terminal using      SQL*PLUS substitution parameters.</FONT></div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     After the update, select the row from the staff  table. </FONT></div> <bR> <div> See plsqlab5.sqlPL/SQL ITERATIVE PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Simple Loop</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Create the next ten purchase order numbers by incrementing</div> <div>       the maximum PO value currently in the puorder table and put</div> <div>       the current date into the new row. See PL25.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     new_po          puorder.po%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     cur_date          puorder.po_date%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     countr          NUMBER(2) := 1;</b></div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>          SELECT max(po) + 1 INTO new_po</b></div> <div> <B>               FROM puorder;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO puorder(po,po_date)</b></div> <div> <B>               VALUES( new_po,SYSDATE);</b></div> <div> <B>          countr := countr + 1;</b></div> <div> <B>          EXIT WHEN countr > 10;</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div>  In order for the script pl25.sql to work you must create the following table.</div> <div> 1.     CREATE TABLE PUORDER</div> <div>               (PO        NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,</div> <div>                PO_DATE   DATE);</div> <div> INSERT INTO PUORDER</div> <div>      VALUES (10,SYSDATE);</div> <bR> <div> The simple LOOP statement will repeat a sequence of statements until the EXIT statements WHEN condition is TRUE.</div> <div>  </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> PL/SQL ITERATIVE PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> FOR Loop</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Create the next ten purchase order numbers by incrementing</div> <div>       the maximum PO value currently in the puorder table and put</div> <div>       the current date into the new row. See PL26.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     new_po          puorder.po%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     cur_date          puorder.date%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     countr          NUMBER(2) := 1;</b></div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     FOR I IN 1..10 LOOP</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>          SELECT max(po) + 1 INTO new_po</b></div> <div> <B>               FROM puorder;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO puorder(po,po_date)</b></div> <div> <B>               VALUES( new_po,SYSDATE);</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Control of the numeric FOR loop is done through its numeric index.</div> <bR> <div> It is also possible to utilize the “decrement” option with the numeric FOR Loop. I.e.  FOR I IN REVERSE 10..1</div> <div> PL/SQL ITERATIVE PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> WHILE Loop</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Create the next ten purchase order numbers by incrementing</div> <div>       the maximum PO value currently in the puorder table and put</div> <div>       the current date into the new row. See PL27.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     new_po          puorder.po%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     cur_date          puorder.date%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     countr          NUMBER(2) := 1;</b></div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     WHILE countr <= 10 LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>          SELECT max(po) + 1 INTO new_po</b></div> <div> <B>               FROM puorder;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO puorder(po,po_date)</b></div> <div> <B>               VALUES( new_po,SYSDATE);</b></div> <div> <B>          countr := countr + 1;</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>EXERCISE 6</I></div> <bR> <div> TASK:</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     Create a PL/SQL block that creates the next ten employee </FONT></div> <div>      numbers by incrementing  the maximum employee value currently </div> <div>      in the staff table and load a pl/sql table called emp_table with this </div> <div>      data. Then create the next ten employees and insert them into the</div> <div>      staff table. Use the employee numbers in the emp_table and </div> <div>      create the necessary name, dept, job, years, salary & commission</div> <div>      fields for these 10 new employees using either substitution </div> <div>      parameters or constants.</div> <bR> <div>      This is an exercise in using loops. Try to use two (2) different kind</div> <div>      of loops as shown in the earlier exercise. Use the first loop to</div> <div>      find a maximum employee id and load a plsql table with the next</div> <div>      ten employee numbers. Note, you have not inserted any new </div> <div>      employees into the staff table yet.</div> <div>      Create another loop which now inserts 10 new employees into</div> <div>      the staff table using the plsql table which has the 10 employee </div> <div> ids. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>See plsqlab6.sql</b></div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL ITERATIVE PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Exiting Nested Loops  AND Review of PL/SQL concepts. This is not a working</div> <div> example. It is only used to show the different plsql concepts covered up to this</div> <div> point.  Notice that you can lable outer and inner loops with the label command</div> <div> <<outer_loop>> etc, and you can branch out of all loops through an exit command.</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Count the number of ORDERS for a specific customer using the temp table      and then INSERT all ORDERS in the order table. This requires that you      read all ORDER ITEMS in the tempitem table and INSERT these rows into</div> <div>      the orditems table. See PL28A.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   SQL>ACCEPT g_cust_no     PROMPT `PLEASE ENTER CUSTOMER NO'</b></div> <div> <B>   DECLARE  --  Notice the different datatypes we can use in pl/sql</b></div> <div>      cur_order          order%ROWTYPE;</div> <div>      no_orders          NUMBER(4);</div> <div>      min_order_no     NUMBER(6):= 0;</div> <div>      cust_no          customer.cust_no%TYPE := &g_cust_no;</div> <div>      next_order          order.order_no%TYPE := 0;</div> <div>      cur_orditems     orditems%ROWTYPE;</div> <div>      no_orditems     NUMBER(6);</div> <div>      min_item_no     orditems.item_no%TYPE;</div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     << outer_loop >>  -- Notice below is a singleton select</b></div> <div>      SELECT count(*),min(order_no) INTO no_orders,min_order_no</div> <div>           FROM temp  </div> <div>           WHERE cust_no =  temp.cust_no and</div> <div>            min(order_no)  > min_order_no;</div> <div> <B>     FOR I IN 1..no_orders LOOP</b></div> <div>           INSERT INTO order (min_order_no,SYSDATE,cust_no);</div> <div>           SELECT count(*),min(item_no) INTO no_orditems,min_item_no</div> <div>           FROM tempitems GROUP BY order_no </div> <div>                HAVING min(order_no)  > min_order_no;</div> <div> <B>          << inner_loop >></b></div> <div> <B>          FOR J IN 1..no_orditems LOOP</b></div> <div>           INSERT INTO orditems(min_order_no,min_item_no),</div> <div>                     VALUES (cur_orders.desc,cur_orders.qty)         </div> <div> <B>          EXIT outer_loop WHEN no_orders > 31;</b></div> <div> <B>          END LOOP inner_loop;</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP outer_loop;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL EXCEPTIONS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Error Handling </b></div> <bR> <bR> <div>    DECLARE</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>    BEGIN</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   EXCEPTION</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>   END;</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Every ORACLE error has a number, but PL/SQL handles errors by their</div> <div> exception name. Whenever a PL/SQL program violates an ORACLE rule</div> <div> or exceeds a system dependent unit an internal exception is raised implicitly.</div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL has 3 types of exceptions:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Pre-defined ORACLE Error - some of the most common standard ORACLE errors defined in PL/SQL.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Non-predefined ORACLE error - any other standard ORACLE error</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">User-defined Error - a condition that the application determines is abnormal</div> <bR> <div> ERROR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Trapping exceptions through Predefined Exceptions</div> <bR> <div> <B>   DECLARE</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>   EXCEPTION</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>        WHEN exception 1 (OR exception 2 ...) THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          statement 1;</b></div> <div> <B>             statement 2;</b></div> <div> <B>  ...        WHEN exception3 (OR exception4 ...)  THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          statement 1;</b></div> <div> <B>  ...          statement 2;</b></div> <div> <B>        WHEN OTHERS THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          statement1;</b></div> <div> <B>          statement2;</b></div> <div> <B>  ...</b></div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL PREDEFINED EXCEPTIONS ARE:</div> <bR> <div> <U>Exception Name          Oracle Error     Description                         </U></div> <div> NO_DATA_FOUND              ORA-01403 Single Row Select returned no data.</div> <div> TOO_MANY_ROWS         ORA-01427 Single row SELECT returned more than</div> <div>                                 one row</div> <div> INVALID_CURSOR              ORA-01001 Illegal cursor operation occurred</div> <div> VALUE_ERROR              ORA-06502 Arithmetic,conversion,truncation, or</div> <div>                                  constraint error occurred</div> <div> INVALID_NUMBER              ORA-01722  conversion of a character string to a</div> <div>                                   number failed</div> <div> ZERO_DIVIDE              ORA-01476  Attempted to divide by zero</div> <div> DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX         ORA-00001  Attempted to insert a duplicate value</div> <div> LOGON_DENIED              ORA-01017  Invalid username/password used.</div> <div> NOT_LOGGED_ON         ORA-01012  ORACLE call without ORACLE logon</div> <div> PROGRAM_ERROR         ORA-06501  PL/SQL had an internal problem</div> <div> STORAGE_ERROR         ORA-06500  PL/SQL memory full or corrupted</div> <div> TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE ORA-00051  Resource not available in time</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> PL/SQL EXCEPTIONS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Two ways to handle any exception</div> <div> Method 1 - Task: Delete all employees tied to a specific dept. See PL31.sql</div> <bR> <div> <B>  SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>t_dept_no    STAFF.DEPT%type := &p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>temp_dept   staff.dept%type;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>select distinct dept into temp_dept from staff</b></div> <div> <B>where dept = t_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>delete from staff</b></div> <div> <B>where  dept = t_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>commit work;</b></div> <div> <B>EXCEPTION</b></div> <div> <B>  WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND then</b></div> <div> <B>    rollback work;</b></div> <div> <B>    insert into exception_table(message)</b></div> <div> <B>    values(`Department number is invalid.');</b></div> <div> <B>  WHEN OTHERS THEN</b></div> <div> <B>    rollback work;</b></div> <div> <B>    insert into exception_table(message)</b></div> <div> <B>    values('Other error occurred.');</b></div> <div> <B>commit work;</b></div> <div> <B>END;</b></div> <div> /</div> <div> For this script to work, you must create the exception_table as describe below:</div> <div>      CREATE TABLE EXCEPTION_TABLE</div> <div>        (MESSAGE        VARCHAR2(300));</div> <bR> <div> Exception processing handles unanticipated exception with the OTHERS</div> <div> clause.</div> <bR> <div> Any error may be trapped including a corresponding routine within the</div> <div> exception handling section of the PL/SQL block.</div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL ERROR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Trapping Non-Predefined Oracle Exceptions</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Delete an employee.  Ensure that there are no employees with that</div> <div>         department number left in the table. See PL32.sql</div> <bR> <div>   SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no   PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NUMBER'</div> <div>    DECLARE</div> <div>      t_dept_no          staff.dept%TYPE :=&p_dept_no;</div> <div> <B>     e_dept_error          EXCEPTION;</b></div> <div> <B>    /*      -2292 is ORACLE error number for integrity constraint violated */</b></div> <div> <B>     PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT      (e_dept_error, -2292);</b></div> <div>    BEGIN</div> <div>      DELETE FROM staff</div> <div>           WHERE dept = t_dept_no;</div> <div>      COMMIT WORK;</div> <div> <B>   EXCEPTION</b></div> <div> <B>     WHEN e_dept_error THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          ROLLBACK WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO exception_table(message)</b></div> <div> <B>          VALUES(`Referential integrity constraint violated.');</b></div> <div> <B>          COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>     WHEN OTHERS THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          ROLLBACK WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO exception_table(message)</b></div> <div> <B>          VALUES(`Other error occurred.');</b></div> <div> <B>          COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 1.Non-predefined Oracle errors are declared first.</div> <div>          e_dept_error     EXCEPTION;</div> <bR> <div> 2. Associate the declared exception with the Standard Oracle error number using  </div> <div>     the EXCEPTION_INIT pragma statement.</div> <bR> <div> PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT   (e_dept_error, -2292);</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> PL/SQL ERROR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Raising User-Defined Exceptions</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Delete a department in the org table.   Ensure that the department is not</div> <div> deleted if their are still employees assigned to this department number.  First count the number of employees with this department #. If the total employee count is greater than 0 stop processing because we need to abort the department number deletion in the ORG table.See PL33.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div>   SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no       PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</div> <div>    DECLARE</div> <div>      t_dept_no               org.deptnumb%TYPE:=&p_dept_no;</div> <div> <B>     e_dept_error          EXCEPTION;</b></div> <div> <B>     countr               NUMBER(5) :=0;</b></div> <div>    BEGIN</div> <div>      <B>SELECT count(*) INTO countr FROM staff</b></div> <div> <B>          WHERE dept = t_dept_no;</b></div> <div>      <B>IF countr >0 THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          RAISE e_dept_error;</b></div> <div>      <B>END IF;</b></div> <div>      DELETE FROM ORG</div> <div>           WHERE DEPTNUMB = t_dept_no;</div> <div>      COMMIT WORK;</div> <div> <B>   EXCEPTION</b></div> <div> <B>     WHEN e_dept_error THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          ROLLBACK WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO exception_table(message)</b></div> <div> <B>          VALUES(`There are still employees with this department no.');</b></div> <div> <B>          COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>     WHEN OTHERS THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          ROLLBACK WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO exception_table(message)</b></div> <div> <B>          VALUES(`Other error occurred.');</b></div> <div> <B>          COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> This User Exception error is declared for a user-defined abnormal condition.</div> <bR> <div> When exiting a User Defined Exception routine or a Non-Predefined Oracle</div> <div> exception routine, the end of the program shows a normal condition code.</div> <div> PL/SQL ERROR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Storing the Oracle SQLCODE for error exceptions</div> <bR> <div> Task: Store the error code and error message for any needed exceptions</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>   DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     ...</b></div> <div> <B>     v_error_code          NUMBER;</b></div> <div> <I><B>                    OR</b></I></div> <div> <I><B>     v_error_code            sqlca.sqlcode%TYPE;</b></I></div> <bR> <div> <B>     v_error_message          VARCHAR2(255);</b></div> <div> <B>   BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     ...</b></div> <div> <B>     ..</b></div> <div> <B>   EXCEPTION</b></div> <div>      WHEN OTHERS THEN</div> <div>           <B>v_error_code := SQLCODE;</b></div> <div> <B>          v_error_message := SQLERRM;</b></div> <div>           ROLLBACK WORK;</div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO exception_table(message)</b></div> <div> <B>          VALUES(TO_CHAR(v_error_code) || `:' ||v_error_message);</b></div> <div>           COMMIT WORK;</div> <div> <B>   END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> You can trap information on unanticipated exceptions by referencing the</div> <div> “SQLCODE” reporting function.</div> <bR> <div> <U>SQLCODE          DESCRIPTION                                   </U></div> <div> 0               No exception encountered</div> <div> 1               User-defined exception</div> <div> +1403               NO_DATA_FOUND exception</div> <div> <0               Any other ORACLE exception</div> <bR> <div> You may also store the complete ORACLE reference message by utilizing</div> <div> the SQLERRM reporting function as shown above.</div> <div> <I>EXERCISE 7</I></div> <bR> <div> TASK:</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     1. Create a PL/SQL block that uses EXCEPTION HANDLING.  The PL/SQL </FONT></div> <div>      block will accept as input an (incorrect job title, `CEO' from SQL*PLUS. Test</div> <div>      for a `NOT FOUND' condition using a predefined Oracle error name. Put</div> <div>      the error message `BOGUS JOB TITLE' into a SQL*PLUS defined variable.</div> <div>      If the information is correct, enter the employee information into the staff </div> <div>      table.     Using SQL*PLUS, prompt for the employee name, dept, job, years, </div> <div>      salary and commission. Retrieve a new employee id by selecting max(id) to</div> <div>       get the next employee id.</div> <bR> <div> ·<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >     2. Create a PL/SQL block which uses EXCEPTION HANDLING and accepts</FONT></div> <div>      as input an invalid Department Number (not 10, 15, 20, 38 etc.) from </div> <div>      SQL*PLUS and declare your own exception handling error routine. Put the</div> <div>      error message, `DEPARTMENT NUMBER IS INVALID' into an SQL*PLUS</div> <div>      defined variable</div> <bR> <bR> <div> See plsqlab7.sql OR plsqlab7a.sql</div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL ERROR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Propagating Exceptions</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Allow the calling environment to handle trapping exceptions</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="17be6b30.png" border=0 width="486" height="179" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 1.  SQL*PLUS displays unhandled exception numbers to the screen.</div> <bR> <div> 2.  ORACLE FORMS are handled through triggers by using ERROR_CODE and</div> <div>      ERROR_TEXT packaged functions.</div> <bR> <div> 3.  PRO*C handles exceptions through the SQLCA structure.</div> <bR> <div> 4.  PL/SQL  handles exceptions through the enclosing block.</div> <bR> <div> PL/SQL ERROR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <div> Propagating Exceptions Example </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     ...</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>        BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>          ......</b></div> <div>           IF(commission >0 and commission < 100.01)</div> <div>                THEN RAISE BONUS_AMTA;</div> <div>           ELSIF IF commission < 200.01</div> <div>                THEN RAISE BONUS_AMTB;</div> <div>           ELSIF commission < 300.01</div> <div>                THEN RAISE BONUS_AMTC;</div> <div>           ELSIF commission < 400.01</div> <div>                THEN RAISE BONUS_AMTD;</div> <div>           ELSIF commission < 500.01</div> <div>                THEN RAISE BONUS_AMTE;</div> <div>           ELSE</div> <div>                bonus_amt := 0;</div> <div>           END IF;</div> <div> <B>         EXCEPTION</b></div> <div> <B>          WHEN BONUS_AMTA THEN</b></div> <div> <B>               bonus_amt := 1.10 * salary;</b></div> <div> <B>          .......</b></div> <div> <B>          WHEN BONUS_AMTC THEN</b></div> <div> <B>               bonus_amt := 1.12 * salary + comm;</b></div> <div> <B>          END;</b></div> <div> <B>     …..     </b></div> <div> <B>RAISE;</b></div> <div> <B>…..</b></div> <div> <B>EXCEPTION</b></div> <div> <B>     WHEN BONUS_AMTB THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          bonus_amt := .10 * commission;</b></div> <div> <B>     .....</b></div> <div> <B>     WHEN BONUS_AMTC THEN</b></div> <div> <B>          bonus_amt := .08 * commission;</b></div> <div> <B>     ......</b></div> <div> end;</div> <bR> <div> NOTE: RAISE causes control to pass to the next BONUS_AMTC so that</div> <div>       a normal processing code does not leave the program.</div> <div> PL/SQL CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Objectives</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">At the end of this section you will be able to:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Identify explicit and implicit cursor attributes</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Process a query using an explicit cursor.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Retrieve rows from the active set of rows returned by a query.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Use implicit cursor attributes to determine the outcome of an operation.</div> <bR> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Explicit Cursors</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     Cursor C1 is</b></div> <div> <B>          Select id,name,salary</b></div> <div> <B>               from staff</b></div> <div> <B>               where dept = 10;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     OPEN C1;</b></div> <div> <B>     Loop</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     FETCH C1;</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     /*Process row */</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     /* end Loop */</b></div> <div> <B>     CLOSE C1;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     </b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> More about Cursors:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Set of rows that satisfy the search criteria of a query can consist of zero, one, or many rows</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">When the query could possibly return many rows, declare and handle rows with an explicit cursor</div> <bR> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Declaring the Cursor</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Retrieve all employees in a specified department. See PL40.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     v_id          staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept     staff.dept%TYPE :=&p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_salary     staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_comm     staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_total_pay     NUMBER(11,2);</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     CURSOR pay_cursor IS</b></div> <div> <B>          select id,dept,salary,comm</b></div> <div> <B>          from staff</b></div> <div> <B>          where dept = v_dept;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     </b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     </b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     </b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Declare the cursor with an appropriate name related to the select</div> <bR> <div> Do not include the INTO clause within the cursor declaration</div> <bR> <div> Variables referenced in the select statement must be declared before the cursor declaration</div> <bR> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Open Cursor statement</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Retrieve all employees in a specified department. See PL41.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL>  ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     v_id          staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept     staff.dept%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_salary     staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_comm     staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_total_pay     NUMBER(11,2);</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     CURSOR pay_cursor IS</b></div> <div> <B>          select id,dept,salary,comm</b></div> <div> <B>          from staff</b></div> <div> <B>          where dept = v_dept;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept = &p_dept_no</b></div> <div> <B>          OPEN pay_cursor     </b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     </b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Open the cursor after specifying values for all input variables.</div> <div> <B>     </b></div> <bR> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Declaring the Cursor</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Retrieve all employees in a specified department. See pl41.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     </b>v_id          staff.id%TYPE;</div> <div>      v_name     staff.name%TYPE;</div> <div>      v_dept     staff.dept%TYPE;</div> <div>      v_salary     staff.salary%TYPE;</div> <div>      v_comm       staff.comm%type;</div> <div> <B>          </b>CURSOR pay_cursor IS</div> <div>           select id,dept,salary,comm</div> <div>           from staff</div> <div>           where dept = v_dept;</div> <bR> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     OPEN PAY_CURSOR;</b></div> <div> <B>     Loop</b></div> <div> <B>     FETCH pay_cursor</b></div> <div> <B>          INTO v_id,v_dept,v_salary,v_comm;</b></div> <div> <B>          EXIT WHEN pay_cursor %NOTFOUND;</b></div> <div> <B>     ….  - Process data here etc. etc.</b></div> <div> <B>     End loop;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> When fetching a row from a cursor you may inspect the cursor attributes by</div> <div> utilizing the following cursor attributes in PL/SQL.</div> <bR> <div>      <B>%ISOPEN            - </b>Boolean attribute that evaluates to TRUE if the cursor </div> <div>                       is open</div> <div>      <B>%NOTFOUND      - </b>Boolean attribute that evaluates to TRUE if the most</div> <div>                             recent FETCH does not return a row.</div> <div>      <B>%FOUND            - </b>Boolean attribute that evaluates to TRUE until the </div> <div>                        most recent FETCH does not return a row</div> <div>      <B>%ROWCOUNT       - </b>Numeric attributes that evaluates to the total number </div> <div>                        of rows returned so far.</div> <div>      <B>     </b></div> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Using Cursor attributes with EXPLICIT CURSORS - %NOTFOUND</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Task:  Calculate the total pay for a specified department. Store the total</b></div> <div> <B>      pay in a separate table for use later. See PL41.sql</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     v_name          staff.name%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_id            staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept       staff.dept%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_salary       staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_comm       staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_gross_pay NUMBER(9,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_total_pay       NUMBER(11,2) :=0;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     CURSOR pay_cursor IS</b></div> <div> <B>          select id,name,dept,salary +NVL(comm,0)</b></div> <div> <B>          from staff</b></div> <div> <B>          where dept = v_dept;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept=&p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>     OPEN pay_cursor;</b></div> <div> <B>     LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>     FETCH pay_cursor</b></div> <div> <B>          INTO v_id,v_name,v_dept,v_gross_pay;</b></div> <div> <B>          EXIT WHEN pay_cursor %NOTFOUND;</b></div> <div> <B>          v_total_pay := v_total_pay + v_gross_pay;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO temppay(deptno,dept_pay)</b></div> <div> <B>                         VALUES(v_dept,v_total_pay);</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>     CLOSE pay_cursor;</b></div> <div> <B>END;</b></div> <bR> <div> For this script to work, you must create the following table:</div> <div>      CREATE TABLE TEMPPAY</div> <div>      (DEPTNO     NUMBER(4),</div> <div>       DEPT_PAY  NUMBER(11,2));</div> <bR> <div> Using the %NOTFOUND attribute allows you to exit a loop when there are no more records to be fetched in the cursor results table.</div> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Using Cursor attributes with EXPLICIT CURSORS - %FOUND</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Calculate the total pay for a specified department. Store the total</div> <div>       pay in a separate table for use later. (see pl42.sql)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     v_id            staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_name          staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept       staff.dept%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_salary       staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_comm       staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_gross_pay NUMBER(9,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_total_pay       NUMBER(11,2) :=0;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     CURSOR pay_cursor IS</b></div> <div> <B>          select id,name,dept,salary +NVL(comm,0)</b></div> <div> <B>          from staff</b></div> <div> <B>          where dept = v_dept;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept=&p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>     OPEN pay_cursor;</b></div> <div> <B>     FETCH pay_cursor</b></div> <div> <B>          INTO v_id,v_name,v_dept,v_gross_pay;</b></div> <div> <B>        WHILE pay_cursor %FOUND LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>          v_total_pay := v_total_pay + v_gross_pay;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO temppay(deptno,dept_pay)</b></div> <div> <B>                         VALUES(v_dept,v_total_pay);</b></div> <div> <B>                fetch pay_cursor into v_id,v_name,v_dept,v_gross_pay;</b></div> <div> <B>  END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>     CLOSE pay_cursor;</b></div> <div> <B>     COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> A variety of looping mechanisms can be used for retrieving the rows in a cursor.</div> <div> The example above uses the WHILE statement.</div> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Using Cursor attributes to retrieve an exact number of rows</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Calculate the total pay for a specified department. Store the total</div> <div>       pay in a separate table for use later. See PL43.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     v_id            staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept       staff.dept%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_salary       staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_comm       staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_gross_pay NUMBER(9,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_total_pay       NUMBER(11,2) :=0;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     CURSOR pay_cursor IS</b></div> <div> <B>          select id,salary +NVL(comm,0)</b></div> <div> <B>          from staff</b></div> <div> <B>          where dept = v_dept;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept=&p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>     OPEN pay_cursor;</b></div> <div> <B>     LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>     FETCH pay_cursor</b></div> <div> <B>          INTO v_id,v_gross_pay;</b></div> <div> <B>          v_total_pay := v_total_pay + v_gross_pay;</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO temppay(deptno,dept_pay)</b></div> <div> <B>                         VALUES(v_dept,v_total_pay);</b></div> <div> <B>     EXIT WHEN pay_cursor %ROWCOUNT = 25;</b></div> <div> <B>     EXIT WHEN pay_cursor %NOTFOUND;</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>     CLOSE pay_cursor;</b></div> <div> <B>     COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> By using the %ROWCOUNT variable you may control the number of rows</div> <div> fetched within a cursor</div> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Using Cursor FOR LOOP commands</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Calculate the total pay for a specified department. Store the total</div> <div>       pay in a separate table for use later. See PL44.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     v_id            staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_salary       staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_comm       staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_gross_pay NUMBER(9,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_total_pay       NUMBER(11,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept       staff.dept%TYPE;</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>     CURSOR pay_cursor IS</b></div> <div> <B>          select id, salary, comm</b></div> <div> <B>          from staff</b></div> <div> <B>          where dept = v_dept;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept=&p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>     FOR pay_record IN  pay_cursor LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>          v_total_pay := v_total_pay + (pay_record.salary</b></div> <div> <B>                                     + pay_record.comm);</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO temppay(deptno,dept_pay)</b></div> <div> <B>                         VALUES(v_dept,v_total_pay);</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>END;</b></div> <bR> <div> You do not need to declare v_id,v_salary, or v_comm because the FOR loop creates the variables for you. Pay_record is a record variable which has matching column names and datatypes based upon the cursor (pay_cursor) it points too.</div> <bR> <div> You can also retrieve an exact number of rows by using the CURSOR FOR LOOP</div> <div> command.  This cursor determines when to exit as well as performs the other</div> <div> cursor functions such as OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE.</div> <bR> <div> NOTE:  Do not DECLARE the record that controls the loop (i.e. pay_record).</div> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <div> Update the current row using the WHERE CURRENT OF clause</div> <bR> <div> Task: Update any employee who makes more than $10,000.00 a year and is in department 10, 20, or 84 and has commissions greater than at least 10% of their gross total pay  Give them a 10% increase in salary. See PL46.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>countr  number(3) := 0;</b></div> <div> <B>v_dept  staff.dept%TYPE :=&p_dept_no;</b></div> <div> <B>new_comm  staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>v_gross_pay  number(9,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>totcount    number(4) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>v_total_pay  number(11,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>cursor pay_cursor is</b></div> <div> <B>     select dept,id,name,salary,comm</b></div> <div> <B>     from staff </b></div> <div> <B>     where dept in (10,20,84) and salary > 10000</b></div> <div> <B>     for update of comm,salary,dept;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>FOR pay_record IN pay_cursor LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>             new_comm := (pay_record.salary+pay_record.comm) * .10;</b></div> <div> <B>             if pay_record.comm > new_comm then</b></div> <div> <B>                Update staff set salary = salary * 1.10</b></div> <div> <B>                     where current of pay_cursor;</b></div> <div> <B>             end if;</b></div> <div> <B>             countr := countr +1;</b></div> <div> <B>             exit when countr > 25;</b></div> <div> <B>      exit when (pay_cursor%ROWCOUNT >= 15) or (countr > 25);</b></div> <div> <B>END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>COMMIT work;</b></div> <div> <B>END;</b></div> <div> <B>/</b></div> <bR> <div> To see how this works and what records it changes, perform the following select</div> <div> before you execute the above script..</div> <div>      Select name, salary, comm, (salary + comm) * .10 from staff</div> <div>      where comm > (salary + comm) * .10;</div> <div> If you get no rows, update id 60 in the staff table with a 5000 commission.CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <div> Storing rows in a PL/SQL table using Cursor Processing</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Retrieve all employees id's and salaries  who have a salary </div> <div> of more than 10000.  Store the qualified rows in a PL/SQL table. See PL47A.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     TYPE id_table_type     is TABLE OF NUMBER(3)</b></div> <div> <B>          INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;</b></div> <div> <B>     TYPE salary_table_type is TABLE OF NUMBER(11,2)</b></div> <div> <B>          INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;</b></div> <div> <B>     CNT            BINARY_INTEGER :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_id            staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_dept       staff.dept%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_salary       staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_comm       staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     max_sal         number(11,2);</b></div> <div> <B>     id_table       id_table_type;</b></div> <div> <B>     salary_table   salary_table_type;</b></div> <div> <B>     CURSOR staff_cursor IS</b></div> <div> <B>          select id,dept,salary</b></div> <div> <B>          from staff</b></div> <div> <B>          where salary > 10000;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     FOR staff_record IN  staff_cursor LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>          CNT = CNT + 1;</b></div> <div> <B>          id_table(CNT) := staff_record.id;</b></div> <div> <B>          salary_table(CNT) := staff_record.salary;</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>     select max(salary) into max_sal from staff;</b></div> <div> <B>     FOR J IN 1..CNT    LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>        IF salary_table(j) = max_sal</b></div> <div> <B>           then insert into exception_table(message)</b></div> <div> <B>           values(to_char(max_sal)||'MAX SALARY FOR'||to_char(id_table(j)));</b></div> <div> <B>       END IF;</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> You can load your own single dimension tables using PL/SQL.</div> <bR> <div> CURSOR PROCESSING</div> <bR> <div> Passing values within the Declare cursor command</div> <bR> <div> Task:  Calculate the total pay for a specified department. Store the total</div> <div>       pay in a separate table for use later. See PL48.sql</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL> ACCEPT p_dept_no     PROMPT `ENTER DEPARTMENT NO'</b></div> <div> <B>DECLARE</b></div> <div> <B>     V_dept          staff.dept%TYPE := &NEWDEPT;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_id            staff.id%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_salary       staff.salary%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_comm       staff.comm%TYPE;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_gross_pay NUMBER(9,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>     v_total_pay       NUMBER(11,2) :=0;</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     CURSOR pay_cursor (temp_dept NUMBER) IS</b></div> <div> <B>          select id, salary, nvl(comm,0)</b></div> <div> <B>          from staff</b></div> <div> <B>          where dept = temp_dept;</b></div> <div> <B>BEGIN</b></div> <div> <B>     OPEN pay_cursor(v_dept);</b></div> <div> <B>          LOOP</b></div> <div> <B>          FETCH  pay_cursor INTO v_id, v_salary,v_comm;</b></div> <div> <B>          EXIT WHEN pay_cursor%NOTFOUND;</b></div> <div> <B>          v_total_pay := v_total_pay + (v_salary + v_comm);</b></div> <div> <B>          INSERT INTO temppay(deptno,dept_pay)</b></div> <div> <B>                         VALUES(v_dept,v_total_pay);</b></div> <div> <B>     ....</b></div> <div> <B>     END LOOP;</b></div> <div> <B>     CLOSE pay_cursor;</b></div> <div> <B>     COMMIT WORK;</b></div> <div> <B>END;</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> NOTE: </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">When opening the same cursor more than once, be sure to close it in between uses.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Close the cursor immediately before reopening it to boost performance.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">After declaring an explicit cursor once, you can open it multiple times to retrieve different data, each time with different output.</div> <bR> <div>  LAB 9 - PL/SQL WORKSHOP</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="17cab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Task:</div> <bR> <div> Create a PL/SQL block that computes the total compensation of all employees (salary + comm) in a specified department and provides salary increases based upon the following formula.</div> <bR> <div>      Salary Increase          Minimum Pay       Maximum Pay</div> <bR> <div>          0                     0.00               10000.00</div> <div>          2                  10000.01               20000.00</div> <div>          4                  20000.01               & up</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Accept a department number as input with a SQL*PLUS substitution parameter (optional).</div> <bR> <div> Additionally, write a PL/SQL Block to include exception handling</div> <div> for the following:</div> <bR> <div> Accept as input an incorrect department number from SQL*PLUS.  </div> <bR> <div> Test for a `NOT FOUND' condition using a predefined ORACLE error name.</div> <bR> <div> Put the error message `INCORRECT department NUMBER' and concatenate the department number to this message in the EXCEPTION_TABLE. Don't forget to convert the department number to a character field.</div> <bR> <bR> <div>  Calculate the grand total salary for the department and put it into a global variable called Grand_Total. Display the total monies on the screen using the PRINT command.  </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I><B>IMPORT AND EXPORT UTILITIES  -  </b></I><I><B> <A NAME="chapter_7"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></b></I><I><B>Chapter 7</b></I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     TOPIC OBJECTIVES</b></div> <bR> <div>                 <IMG SRC="17d7a510.png" border=0 width="122" height="81" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>          </b></div> <div> This section introduces the ORACLE utilities used for reorganizing tables and indexes. The utilities are called import and export. When you finish this section, you will be able to:</div> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>     Understand and execute the EXPORT utility to create an ORACLE</div> <div>           copy of objects within a database such as a table, index or                     privileges.</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>     Utilize the import utility to create a reorganized table or a new                database depending upon the application</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Courier New" >·</FONT>     Comprehend and execute SQL*LOADER to load a table from a                sequential file</div> <bR> <div>      </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>  Database   Population</div> <bR> <div> <B>Export and Import Utilities</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="17fb2880.png" border=0 width="434" height="136" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> The export utility is used to archive Oracle database information to host operating system files. In addition to the data in a table, table creation statements, grants, space definitions, etc. may be exported.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Exporting is done to a 'filename.dmp' file.</div> <div> The import utility loads Oracle databases from host operating system files created by the export utility.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The export and import utilities do not require an ASCII to</div> <div> EBCDIC conversion before execution.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Data conversion is handled automatically by the utilities.</div> <div> Other uses for the export utility include reorganization of an Oracle database, moving data between Oracle databases, converting databases from an older version of Oracle to the latest version of Oracle and moving data from one Oracle user to another Oracle user.</div> <div> Import will only read files exported from Oracle databases with the same or earlier version number.</div> <div> The compressed format of an export file cannot be edited and one must have resource or DBA authority before using the export utility.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Export Utility Command</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="180cab00.png" border=0 width="202" height="176" ALT="Microsoft Clip Gallery" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> What files do I want to copy?</div> <bR> <div> The export utility command has the following format:</div> <div>                                       </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>The utility execution then prompts for more information:</U></b></div> <div> 1.  Enter array fetch buffer size (default 4096)</div> <div>      This is the amount of memory set aside for exported table rows.</div> <bR> <div> 2.  Export file:</div> <div>      The suggested default file name is expdat.dmp.</div> <div>           </div> <div> 3.  An export mode prompt is next:</div> <bR> <div> (1)E(ntire database), (2)U(sers), or (3)T(ables):</div> <div>  A user with DBA privilege may choose E, U, or T. A user with</div> <div> only RESOURCE and CONNECT privileges can choose U or T.</div> <bR> <div> The DBA modes can be:     User - export table definitions, data, </div> <div>                               clusters, indices, and first grants     </div> <bR> <div>                               Tables - export table definitions and data</div> <bR> <div>                               Entire database - user mode plus all grants,                                    views, synonyms and space definitions are                                    exported.</div> <bR> <div> 4.  Export Grants (Y/N): Y for E or U mode.  Use 'N' to export     only     </div> <div>      table definitions and data.</div> <bR> <div> 5.  Export table data (Yes/No): Yes</div> <bR> <div> 6.  Compress extents (Y/N): Y</div> <div> This will allow  table reorganization.   The actual compression does   </div> <div> not occur until execution of the Import Utility.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Import Utility Command</b></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="181888f0.png" border=0 width="136" height="143" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> The import utility command has the following format:</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>This utility execution prompts for more information:</U></b></div> <div> 1.  Import file:</div> <bR> <div> The default filename is expdat.dmp (exported file).</div> <div> 2.  Enter insert buffer size (default is 30720, minimum is 4096)</div> <bR> <div> This allocates space in memory for the largest rows to be imported.</div> <div> A buffer size of 40960 is recommended for full database import.</div> <bR> <div> 3.  List contents of import file only (Y/N):   N</div> <div> Answering “Y” will display a list of the table names and space definitions to be imported.</div> <bR> <div> 4.  Ignore create errors due to object existence (Y/N):   Y</div> <div> This question is asked when the contents of the import file is not listed. A “Y” to this question will import rows of tables even if those tables already exist. The imported rows will be added to the existing table and current rows will still exist.  This may lead to duplicate rows if unique indexes don't exist to prevent inserting duplicate rows.</div> <bR> <div> 5.  Import grants (Y:/N):   Y</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Allows all grants to be imported.</div> <bR> <div> 6.  Import table data (Y/N):   Y</div> <div> A response of “N” will only run the data definition statements in the import file.</div> <bR> <div> 7.  Import of entire import file requested (Y/N):   Y</div> <div> Answering “N” to this question causes import to prompt for the user name and the specific tables to be imported.</div> <div> <I>COMMON  COMMAND LINE PARAMETERS</I></div> <div> Keyword         Default       Meaning</div> <bR> <div> Userid                      Oracle command and password. If omitted, user is prompted.</div> <bR> <div> Buffer            <OS>       Size of the buffer that will be used for storing the rows fetched </div> <div>   before they are written to the export file.</div> <div> Compress              Y       A value of Y specifies that on import the initial extent size will be </div> <div>   set to a value that is equal to the current size of the segment. A </div> <div>    value of N will cause the current extent sizes to be retained. </div> <div>   The choice has to be made upon EXPORTing the file.</div> <div> Consistent             N       A value of Y specifies that the entire export operation to be </div> <div>   performed in one read-only transaction. Export will attempt to </div> <div>   get a read-consistent image of all objects exported. A value of</div> <div>   N specifies only table-level consistency needs to be maintained.</div> <bR> <div> Constraints            Y       A value of Y specifies that constraints are to be exported with </div> <div>   the table. A value of N causes constraints not to be exported.</div> <bR> <div> Direct                 N       A value of Y specifies that direct path be used for the export. A </div> <div>   value of N uses conventional path.</div> <bR> <div> Feedback            0       This parameter is specified as an integer to request for a dot (.) </div> <div>   to be displayed when n rows are exported. Zero (0) specifies </div> <div>   that no data is to be displayed.</div> <bR> <div> File               expat     Output filename default</div> <bR> <div> Full                 N     A value of Y specfies that a full database export will take place.</div> <bR> <div> Grants                 Y     A value of Y specifies that all the grants on objects to be </div> <div> exported must also be preserved on import</div> <bR> <div> Indexes                 Y     A value of Y causes indexes to be exported.</div> <bR> <div> Log               NULL     The name of the file to store all export messages. Default=screen.</div> <bR> <div> Owners                    The names of the users for user-level export</div> <bR> <div> Parfile                    The name of the file containing a list of export parameters</div> <bR> <div> RecordLength          <OS>     The size of the output record</div> <bR> <div> Rows                 Y     A value of Y specifies that data is to be exported.</div> <bR> <div> Statistics          <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >Estimate</FONT>  Analyze method to be used on import</div> <bR> <div> Tables                    schema.table for table mode export.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>SQL*LOADER</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="183a6bc0.png" border=0 width="422" height="188" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> The Oracle SQL*LOADER utility program allows for the loading of data from “flat” files into the Oracle database.</div> <div> SQL*LOADER was new as of Oracle Version 5.1.22 and will replace the Oracle Data Loader (ODL) utility in future versions of Oracle.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700dc00000000.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">SQL*LOADER also has many features that are similar to </div> <div> IBM's DB2 Load Utility.</div> <div> <U>SQL*LOADER has the following capabilities:</U></div> <div> 1.   Load data from multiple source data files of different file types.</div> <div> 2.   Load fixed format, delimited format and variable length records.</div> <div> 3.   Support a wide range of data types including DATE, BINARY,      and PACKED DECIMAL.</div> <div> 4.   Load multiple tables during one run with selected records loaded into each table.</div> <div> 5.   Create one table row from multiple physical records.</div> <div> 6.   Create multiple table rows from a single physical record.</div> <div> 7.   Use existing DB2 Load Utility control files to load data</div> <div>        (including files produced by IBM's Data Extract Utility).</div> <div> 8.   Generate unique sequential key values in specified table       columns as data is being loaded.</div> <bR> <div> <U>Input to SQL*LOADER includes:</U></div> <div> 1.   Data files</div> <div> 2.   Control file that lists the names and format of the data files, the location and type of each data field in the data files and       load control cards.</div> <bR> <div> <U>Output from SQL*LOADER includes:</U></div> <div> 1.  A log file containing information about the results of the load operation.</div> <div> 2.  A bad file containing records not loaded due to errors detected in the input data.</div> <div> 3.  A discard file containing records rejected due to select conditions in the control file.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>Invoking SQL*LOADER</U></div> <div> Invoke the utility by typing:</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>                where xx is your Oracle version.</div> <div> <B>Example:  Control File Control Cards</b></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> LAB 11 - POPULATING TABLES THROUGH EXPORT/IMPORT</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="13eab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Lab A  ---   Exporting Data for Employees</div> <div> Exercise:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Data will be exported from the STAFF and ORG tables</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">All of the data in both tables will be exported. Use an export file name of 'exp.dmp'.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Grants, views, synonyms, space definitions, clusters, and indexes do not have to be exported.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Lab B  ---   Importing Data for Employees</div> <div> Exercise:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Data exported in Lab 1 will be imported for the 'staff' table.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Rename the 'staff' table in the Employee tablespace to 'OLDstaff'. This will save the 'staff' table.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Next, import from 'exp.dmp' all rows for the 'staff' table only.  Import into table 'staff'.</div> <bR> <div> LAB 11 - POPULATING TABLES THROUGH EXPORT/IMPORT</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="185ab7d0.png" border=0 width="171" height="125" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Lab C  ---   Loading Data using SQL*LOADER</div> <div> Exercise:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The IBM DXT Utility was used to extract data from a DB2 table called PRESIDENT.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">This data will be loaded into an Oracle table named PRES.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Create the PRES table in the SYSTEM tablespace with these columns:</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> The DXT input file is named 'pres.ctl'.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">This file has the SQL*LOADER control cards and the data.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Execute SQL*LOADER using 'pres.ctl' to load the PRES table.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>